tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57020840287501237252023-11-15T11:00:15.380-08:00AyuAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01386131850589776611noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5702084028750123725.post-71853587011865535892013-06-03T00:17:00.007-07:002013-06-03T00:17:54.190-07:00Model Pembelajaran dengan Model ASSURE<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="http://sriramadhani2804.blogspot.com/2013/05/rancangan-pembelajaran-model-assure_9182.html"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">RANCANGAN PEMBELAJARAN MODEL ASSURE</span></b></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Nama : Ayu Mustika Sari S.Pd</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Nim : 1203730/TP.A 2012</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> BAB I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A. Latar
Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Pendidikan
adalah usaha sadar dan terencana untuk mewujudkan suasana belajar dan proses
pembelajaran agar peserta didik secara aktif mengembangkan potensi dirinya
untuk memiliki kekuatan spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri, kepribadian,
kecerdasan, akhlak mulia, serta keterampilan yang diperlukan dirinya,
masyarakat, bangsa dan negara”.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan pengertian pendidikan di atas terlihat
bahwa proses pembelajaran itu tidak hanya sekedar transfer ilmu dari pendidik
kepada siswa saja akan tetapi bagaimana pendidikan itu mampu memfasilitasi
siswa untuk memiliki ilmu pengetahuan, sikap, kepribadian dan kemandirian. Oleh
karena itu pelaksanaan pendidikan selayaknya dilakukan untuk mengembangkan
kemampuan dan watak serta martabat bangsa. Pelaksanaan pendidikan menurut
Peraturan Pemerintah nomor 19 tahun 2005 (PP No. 19 tahun 2005) pasal 19 ayat 1
menyebutkan bahwa:</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">“Proses pembelajaran pada satuan pendidikan
diselenggarakan secara interaktif, inspiratif, menyenangkan, menantang,
memotivasi peserta didik untuk berpartisipasi aktif, serta memberikan ruang
yang cukup bagi prakarsa, kreativitas, dan kemandirian sesuai dengan bakat,
minat, dan perkembangan fisik serta psikologis peserta didik”.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Guru sebagai pelaksana pendidikan harus
mampu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menyiapkan
pembelajaran yang tepat melalui model pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan
kebutuhan dan kemampuan pebelajar dengan mempertimbangkan keadaan lingkungan
pebelajar s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ehingga
mencapai kompetensi minimal yang telah ditentukan dan menghadirkan pembaharuan
dalam proses pembelajaran untuk peningkatan mutu pendidikan. Untuk mewujudkan
hal ini dalam pembelajaran guru bisa menggunakan berbagai model pembelajaran
yang dapat merangsang keaktifan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Salah satu
model pembelajaran yang bisa digunakan adalah model ASSURE. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Model ASSURE merupakan salah
satu model yang dapat menuntun pembelajar secara sistematis untuk merencanakan
proses pembelajaran secara efektif. Model ASSURE pada pelaksanaannya
memadukan penggunaan teknologi dan media di ruang kelas. Jadi dengan melakukan
perencanaan secara sistematis, dapat membantu memecahkan masalah dan membantu
mempermudah menyampaikan pembelajaran. Karena proses pembelajaran itu merupakan
proses yang komplek dan merupakan suatu sistem yang perlu dilakukan dengan
pendekatan sistematis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Oleh karena itu pada makalah ini akan dibahas bagaimana merencanakan proses
pembelajaran di ruang kelas menggunakan model ASSURE. Dengan menyiapkan media
yang sesuai dengan analisis kebutuhan yang dilakukan sebelum pelaksaan kegiatan
pembelajaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.
Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Berdasarkan latar belakang masalah di atas, maka tujuan dari penulisan makalah
ini adalah sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
mengetahui lebih jauh tentang model ASSURE</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
mengetahui bagaimana urutan sistemasis penggunaan model ASSURE</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
merumuskan Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran dengan model ASSURE
menggunakan media pembelajaran yang dipilih sesuai analisis kebutuhan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C.
Manfaat </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Berdasarkan latar belakang masalah dan tujuan di atas, maka yang menjadi
manfaat dalam penulisan makalah ini adalah sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memenuhi
tugas akhir semester pada mata kuliah Media Pendidikan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai
bahan bacaan untuk memperdalam pengetahuan tentang Model ASSURE dan
penggunaannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KAJIAN TEORI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MEDIA
SECARA UMUM</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media pembelajaran merupakan faktor
penting yang mempengaruhikeberhasilan proses pembelajaran. Menurut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Smaldino, dkk (2008) kata media merupakan
bentuk jamak dari perantara (mediaum), merupakan saranakomunikasi. Berasal dari
bahasa Latin medium (“antara”), istilah ini merujuk padaapa saja yang membawa
informasi antara sebuah sumber dan sebuah penerima.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media pembelajaran
dikategorikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi enam kategori
dasar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu : teks, audio, visual,
video,model dan tenaga (orang-orang).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teks merupakan karakter alfanumerik
yang mungkin ditampilkan dalam format apapun, seperti buku, poster, papan
tulis, layar komputer dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Audio mencakup apa saja yang bisa
anda dengar, seperti suara orang, suara mekanik, musik dan sebagainya. Suara
tersebut bisa di dengar secara langsung ataupun rekaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Visual meliputi diagram pada sebuah poster,
gambar pada papan tulis, gambar pada buku,karton dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Video merupakan media yang
menampilkan gerakan, termasuk DVD, rekaman video, animasi komputer dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model, bersifat tiga dimensi, dan
bisa disentuh oleh siswa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tenaga (Orang), bisa berupa guru,
siswa atau ahli bidang studi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MODEL
ASSURE UNTUK MEMBANTU PEMBELAJARAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menganalisis Peserta Didik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Langkah
pertama dalam merencanakan pembelajaran adalah mengidentifikasi dan
menganalisis karakteristik siswa berdasarkan hasil belajar. Informasi ini
akan memandu guru membuat Keputusan hal utama yang perlu dipertimbangkan
ketika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menganalisis siswa meliputi (1)
karakteristik umum siswa (2) kompetensi khusus (pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan
sikap tentang topik), (3) gaya belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">General Characteristics
(Karakteristik Umum)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karakteristik umum ini penting
diketahui untuk mempengaruhi belajar siswa. Karakteristik umum terdiri dari faktor
tetap seperti jenis kelamin dan etnis/kebudayaan, mereka yang bervariasi secara
teratur, seperti sikap dan minat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meninjau catatan siswa untuk mengidentifikasi perbedaan usia
siswa guru lebih memahami pola perilaku atau kemampuan siswa untuk fokus pada
kegiatan belajar. ketika merencanakan kerja kelompok perbedaan jenis kelamin
dapat mempengaruhi perhatian siswa dan kemauan untuk berpartisipasi. contohnya
kelompok campuran jenis kelamin dapat bekerja dengan baik di kelas SD awal
tetapi menghambat belajar siswa untuk beberapa siswa sekolah menengah. Ketika
siswa mewakili beberapa kelompok etnik pilih materi pembelajaran dan contoh
yang memberikan prioritas tinggi terhadap identitas dan nilai. Contohnya
memilih foto dan clip art dengan anak-anak dari etnis yang sama dengan siswa
untuk meningkatkan hubungan ke topik pelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah guru memahami latar
belakang, itu akan digabungkan dengan pengamatan guru tentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sikap dan minat siswa untuk merancang dan
mengimplementasikan pelajaran bermakna yang memenuhi kebutuhan unik dari
masing-masing siswa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.8pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Specific Entry Competencies
(kompetensi khusus)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Penelitian
terbaru mengungkapkan bahwa bagaimana pengetahuan siswa sebelumnya dipengaruhi
oleh topik tertentu dan apa yang mereka pelajari lebih daripada semua sifat
psikologis. (Dick, dan Carey dalam Smaldino, dkk: 2012). Oleh karena itu,
komponen penting dari merancang pelajaran adalah untuk mengidentifikasi
kompetensi khusus tertentu dari siswa. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Guru dapat melakukan ini secara
informal (seperti dalam interogasi kelas) atau dengan cara yang lebih formal
(seperti meninjau hasil tes standar atau memberi guru membuat tes dan
penilaian). Tes masuk adalah penilaian yang menentukan apakah siswa memiliki
prasyarat yang diperlukan, atau kompetensi, untuk mendapatkan perbaikan dari
pembelajaran. Contohnya jika guru akan mengajar siswa untuk menghitung
bentuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bidang geometrik,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tes kemampuan awal akan berfokus pada keterampilan perkalian
untuk mengidentifikasi siswa yang membutuhkan perbaikan sebelum pelajaran.
Kemampuan prasyarat ini penting untuk beberapa pembelajaran tentang kemampuan
membaca. Oleh karena itu guru melakukan tes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>untuk mengetahui kemampuan membaca siswa.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Style (Gaya
Belajar)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Gaya belajar berkenan dengan pengelompokkan sifat-sifat psikologis yang
menentukan bagaimana seorang individu bisa merasakan interaksi yang memberikan
respon secara emosional terhadap lingkungan belajar seperti: kecerdasan
majemuk, kekuatan persepsi, kebiasaan memproses informasi, motivasi dan faktor-faktor
fisiologis.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merumuskan Standar dan Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Langkah berikutnya adalah merumuskan standar dan tujuan pembelajaran khusus.
dimulai dengan standar kurikulum dan teknologi yang digunakan guru di sekolah,
berdasarkan pada tujuan nasional. Tujuan pembelajaran yang baik mencantumkan
nama peserta didik kepada siapa tujuannya dimaksudkan, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tindakan
(perilaku) untuk menunjukkan, kondisi di mana perilaku atau kinerja akan
diamati</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan sejauh mana pengetahuan atau
keterampilan baru harus dikuasai. Untuk catatan ini, kondisi akan mencakup
penggunaan teknologi dan media untuk mendukung pembelajaran dan untuk menilai
keberhasilan standar atau tujuan pembelajaran.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pentingnya
standar dan tujuan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perumusan
tujuan pembelajaran adalah salah satu elemen yang sangat penting, hal ini
berkenaan dengan pentingya fungsi tujuan dalam mendasari perumusan beberapa
aspek dalam pembelajaran yaitu sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dasar untuk
pemilihan strategi, teknologi dan media pembelajaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dasar untuk penilaian
dalam pembelajaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dasar untuk
Ekspektasi belajar siswa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> pembelajaran dengan Teknik ABCD</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>ABCD merupakan teknik yang
bisa digunakan dalam proses merumuskan tujuan pembelajaran dengan baik, adapun
komponen-komponen dari teknik ABCD ini adalah sebagai berikut : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>Audience </i>(Audiensi)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Instruksi yang
kita ajukan harus fokus kepada apa yang harus dilakukan/ dikerjakan oleh
pembelajar bukan apa yang harus dilakukan pengajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>Behavior </i>(Perilaku)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Kata kerja
yang mendeskripsikan kemampuan baru yang harus dimiliki pembelajar setelah
melalui proses pembelajaran dan harus dapat diukur.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>Conditions </i>(Kondisi)
Pernyataan tujuan yang meliputi kondisi dimana unjuk kerja itu diamati.<b>D</b>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">D</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. <i>Degree </i>(Tingkat
Keberhasilan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Pernyataan
tujuan yang mengidentifikasi standar atau kriteria yang menjadi dasar
pengukuran tingkat keberhasilan pembelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Daftar </span>Periksa<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Tujuan </span>berdasarkan<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> ABCD</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Pengelompokan dan pemeriksaan tujuan sangat penting, karena pemilihan metode
dan media serta cara mengevaluasi tergantung pada jenis tujuan yang akan
diterapkan. Suatu tujuan mungkin diklasifikasikan menurut jenis belajar utama
yang akan dicapai, akan tetapi yang terpenting dari semuanya adalah bagaimana
mengkomunikasikan tujuan dengan pengetahuan dan kompetensi siswa. Jika tujuan
yang telah kita rumuskan masih belum mampu mengkomunikasikan pesan dengan apa
yang akan menjadi pengetahuan dan kompetensi siswa, maka tujuan tersebut harus
direvisi kembali. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Tujuan<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Pembelajaran dan Perbedaan
Individual</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Tujuan pembelajaran harus berkaitan dengan kemampuan individual pebelajar dalam
menuntaskan atau memahami sebuah materi yang diberikan. Pebelajar yang tidak
memiliki kesulitan belajar dengan pebelajar yang memiliki kesulitan belajar
pasti memiliki waktu ketuntasan terhadap materi yang berbeda, maka untuk itu
tujuan pembelajaran harus disesuaikan dengan perbedaan individual yang dimiliki
oleh siswa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memilih Strategi, Teknologi, Media dan Bahan Ajar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah guru menganalisis peserta
didik dan menetapkan standar dan tujuan pembelajaran, guru telah membuat titik
awal (siswa memiliki pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan sikap) dan poin terakhir
(tujuan pembelajaran) dari proses pembelajaran. Selanjutnya tugas guru adalah
membangun sebuah jembatan antara dua titik dengan memilih strategi pembelajaran
yang tepat, teknologi, media, dan bahan ajar untuk mencapai tujuan
pembelajaran. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memilih Strategi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemilihan strategi pembelajarn
disesuaikan dengan standar dan tujuan pembelajaran. Selain itu juga
memperhatikan gaya belajar dan motivasi siswa yang nantinya dapat mendukung
pembelajaran. Strategi pembelajaran dapat mengandung ARCS model</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">(Smaldino
dari Keller,1987). ARCS model dapat membantu strategi mana yang dapat membangun</span>
<b><i><span style="background: white;">Attention </span> </i><span style="background: white;">(perhatian) siswa</span></b><span style="background: white;">, pembelajaran berhubungan yang</span><b><i> <span style="background: white;">Relevant</span></i> </b><span style="background: white;">dengan keutuhan dan tujuan,</span> <b><i><span style="background: white;">Convident</span></i></b><i><span style="background: white;"> ,</span> </i><span style="background: white;">desain pembelajaran dapat membantu pemaknaan
pengetahuan oleh siswa dan</span> <b><i><span style="background: white;">Satisfaction</span></i> </b><span style="background: white;">dari usaha belajar siswa.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memilih
Teknologi dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Media</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Jika merujuk pada kriteria media dan teknologi yang disebut Smaldino (2007)
maka teknologi dan media yang dipilih dalam perencanaan pembelajaran ini
menggunakan teknologi berbasis komputer. Melibatkan unit komputer, jaringan
internet, web pembelajaran yang dirancang oleh pembelajar,<i>whiteboard</i>,
dan proyektor.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memilih
Materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Sebelum memilih materi, terlebih dahulu akan dilakukan obsevasi awal dengan
melakukan pengumpulan materi yang siap pakai, meminta keterlibatan spesialis
materi dan memintai pendapat dari pembelajar lain. Kesemuanya akan digabung dan
diseleksi menjadi materi yang akan digunakan dalam perencanaan pembelajaran
ini. Pemilihan itu disesuaikan dengan tujuan pembelajaran dan kebutuhan dari
pelajar, karena materi yang siap pakai yang diperoleh, biasanya butuh sentuhan
modifikasi, maka sentuhan itu perlu keterlibatan spesialis dan pembelajar lain.
Kemudian dalam pemilihan materi juga akan memerhatikan hak cipta dari materi
tersebut. Maka materi yang dipilih dalam pembelajaran yang akan dilakukan
adalah Model-model Pembelajaran Berbasis Komputer.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memanfaatkan Teknologi, Media dan Bahan Ajar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Tahap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini melibatkan perencanaan
pembelajaran oleh guru dalam memanfaatkan teknologi, media dan bahan ajar untuk
membantu siswa mencapai tujuan pembelajaran. Untuk melakukan hal ini mengikuti
proses "5P": Preview teknologi, media dan bahan ajar, menyiapkan
(Prepare) lingkungan, menyiapkan (Prepare) peserta didik, dan memberikan
(Provide) pengalaman belajar.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pratinjau Teknologi, Media dan Materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Selama
proses seleksi anda telah mengidentifikasi teknologi, media dan materi yang
sesuai untuk audiensi dan tujuan belajar anda. Anda harus mempratinjau
teknologi dan media yang dipilih terkait dengan tujuan belajar. Tujuannya
adalah memilih bagian yang langsung selaras dengan mata pelajaran anda sebagai
missal jika mata pelajaran adalah tentang penggunaan preposisi yang tepat,
pratinjaulah beberapa program piranti lunak bahasa dan sastra untuk menemukan
aktifitas latihan dan praktik yang sesuai dengan tujuan anda. Anda kemudian
merancang mata pelajaran yang meliputi hanya bagian preposisi dari peranti
lunak tersebut ketimbang seluruh urutan yang ada. Demikian pula, jika
menggunakan sebuah video documenter, identifikasilah segmen-segmen yang
berhubungan langsung dengan mata pelajaran, mengingat video DVD memungkinkan
navigasi yang mudah bagi segmen sasaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menyiapkan Teknologi, Media dan Materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Selanjutnya kita harus menyiapkan teknologi, media dan materi yang akan
mendukung aktifitas pengajaran yang akan kita laksanakan. Kumpulkan seluruh
perlengkapan yang kita butuhkan dan tentukan urutan penggunaan materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menyiapkan Lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Dimana saja aktifitas belajar terjadi diruang kelas, laboratorium, pusat media
fasilitas harus diatur untuk penggunaan teknologi media, dan materi yang
efektif. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menyiapkan Peserta didik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Penelitian mengenai belajar mengungkapkan dengan sangat jelas bahwa apa yang
dipelajari dari sebuah kegiatan sangat bergantung pada bagaimana peserta
belajar dipersiapkan untuk mata pelajaran tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menyediakan Pengalaman Belajar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Jika pengalaman belajar
adalah yang berpusat pada guru, maka akan melibatkan presentasi, demonstrasi,
latihan, dan praktik atau tutorial. Jika menggunakan presentasi sebagai salah
satu strategi penting untuk mengikuti pandauan menggunakan kemampuan presentasi
di ruang kelas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajak Partisipasi Siswa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Untuk menjadi efektif, pembelajaran harus melibatkan keaktifan peserta didik
secara mental. menyediakan kegiatan yang memungkinkan mereka untuk
mempraktekkan pengetahuan atau keterampilan baru dan menerima umpan balik pada
upaya mereka sebelum resmi dinilai. Praktek dapat melibatkan student
self-check, pembelajaran berbantuan komputer, kegiatan internet, atau latihan
kelompok. Umpan balik bisa berasal dari guru, komputer, siswa lain, atau evaluasi
diri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Latihan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Tujuan untuk mata pelajaran yang kita ajarkan dengan jelas menyatakan apa yang
semestinya dilakukan oleh para siswa kita sesuai dengan instruksi. Jadi penting
untuk mengharuskan siswa berpartisipasi melalui praktik langsung dengan
teknologi dan kemampuan baru.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Teknologi sebagai alat produksi</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Salah
satu cara yang paling umum dalam menggunakan teknologi dan media sebagai sarana
yang mengharuskan partisipasi siswa adalah melalui penggunaan peranti
produktivitas. Ini karena penggunaan perangkat tersebut dapat memacu siswa
dalam pembelajaran, meningkatkan produktivitas dan mendorong kreatifitas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teknologi sebagai alat komunikasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Sebagai contoh, jika menggunakan gambar
proyeksi berupa foto para siswa yang tinggal di Alaska, kita sebagai guru dapat
melibatkan para siswa dalam diskusi langsung dengan meminta mereka
membandingkan situasi terakhir mereka dengan siswa pada foto tersebut. Para
siswa kemudian bisa saja bertukar e-mail dengan para siswa di Alaska untuk
memperoleh pengetahuan pertama mengenai kehidupan mereka.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teknologi sebagai alat penelitian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Penelitian telah menunjukkan
bahwa internet merupakan peranti komputer yang paling sering digunakan. Para
siswa memiliki akses instan ke sumber daya yang tak terbatas. Oleh karena itu,
mereka bisa dengan mudah “menempatkan, mengevaluasi, dan mengumpulkan informasi
dari berbagai sumber. Penelitian siswa sebaiknya diperluas juga untuk meliputi
informasi dari buku, Koran harian dan orang-orang. Penggunaan sumber daya yang
beragam akan lebih memastikan bahwa siswa tidak sekedar menyalin informasi
berbasis web ke dalam karya mereka.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teknologi sebagai alat penyelesaian masalah dan pengambilan keputusan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Para siswa sebelumnya belum pernah mengakses
data dan informasi yang begitu besar jumlahnya. Para siswa dari berbagai usia
sekarang mampu lebih teliti menguji informasi melalui berbagai perangkat.
Masalah yang mungkin saja ditangani para siswa melalui penggunaan teknologi
meliputi “apakah seseorang dengan suara terbanyak akan menang?” Untuk menjawab
pertanyaan tersebut siswa dapat mengunduh hasil pemilu ke dalam sebuah
spreadsheet untuk menguji suara elektroral yang dibandingkan dengan suara
pemilih. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggunakan peranti lunak pembelajaran untuk latihan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Peranti lunak pendidikan merupakan
salah satu sarana melibatkan para siswa dengan kemampuan yang beragam dalam
aktifitas belajar individual yang difokuskan pada kemampuan dan pengetahuan
dasar. Sebagian besar program peranti lunak pendidikan memungkinkan para siswa
untuk terlibat dalam aktifitas yang lebih menantang dengan melompati aktifitas
yang mengandung pengetahuan yang telah di kuasai para siswa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggunakan media lainnya untuk latihan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Diskusi, kuis singkat, dan latihan penerapan,
bisa mungkin dilakukannya latihan dan umpan balik selama pengajaran. Aktifitas
tindak lanjut bisa menyediakan kesempatan lebih lanjut untuk keterlibatan aktif
para siswa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Umpan Balik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Di semua kasus,
para siswa harus menerima umpan balik mengenai ketepatan respon mereka. Umpan
balik atau tanggapan bisa berasal dari guru atau para siswa yang bekerja di
dalam kelompok kecil dan saling memberi umpan balik. Umpan balik mungkin bisa
juga diperoleh melalui aktifitas periksa sendiri atau berasal dari komputer
atau mentor.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Evaluasi
dan Revisi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Setelah menerapkan pelajaran, evaluasi dampaknya terhadap belajar siswa.
Penilaian ini tidak hanya meneliti sejauh mana siswa telah mencapai tujuan
pembelajaran, tetapi juga meneliti keseluruhan proses pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan dampak penggunaan teknologi dan media.
berdasarkan perbedaan antara tujuan dan hasil belajar siswa, direvisi rencana
pelajaran untuk mengatasi bidang yang menjadi perhatian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menilai prestasi siswa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Metode dalam menilai prestasi bergantung pada sifat dan tujuan belajar.
Beberapa tujuan belajar mengharuskan kemampuan kognitif yang relative sederhana
sebagai contoh adalah bagaimana melihat siswa membedakan kata sifat dari kata
keterangan, atau merangkum prinsip deklarasi kemerdekaan. Tujuan belajar
seperti itu semua bermanfaat bagi ujian tertulis konvensional.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penilaian
auntentik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Di sekolah, minat yang meningkat terhadap
penilaian autentik di pacu oleh komitmen menuju perspektif konstruktivis.
Penilaian autententik bisa digunakan untuk menilai kinerja atau produk tunggal,
produk unit, atau protofolio.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penilaian
Portofolio</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Portofolio
menilai kemampuan siswa untuk membuat produk nyata yang menggambarkan
pencapaian mereka terkait dengan analisis, sintesis, dan evaluasi. Komponen
kunci dari portofolio adalaha bahwa mereka mengharuskan rekleksi sendiri sesuai
yang ditampilkan di produk portofolio. Sebagai misal, jika siswa bisa memilih
fragmen karya yang menampilkan pencapaian sebuah tujuan belajar, mereka mungkin
saja meminta untuk menjelaskan kenapa mereka memilih fragmen tersebut dan
bagaimana itu menunjukkan bahwa mereka telah mempelajari pengetahuan dan
kemampuan sasaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Untuk menggunakan portofolio, mulailah dengan menentukan apakah kita akan
menggunakan format tradisional atau elektronik. Kemudian indentifikasikalah
jenis-jenis artefak yang akan menampilkan pencapaian siswa terkait standard dan
tujuan dan pilihlah atau kembangkan skala penilaian yang tepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Portofolio tradisional merupakan
kumpulan fisik dari karya para siswa, sementara portofolio elektronik merupakan
koleksi digital dari karya para siswa. Portofolio tradisional terdiri dari
salinan kertas dari karya para siswa, foto, video atau rekaman kaset audio.
Portofolio sering kali disimpan dalam penjepit dan kotak penyimpanan, yang
berpindah dari satu guru lainnya ketika para siswa naik tingkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Portofolio elektronik menyimpan seluruh
karya siswa dalam bentuk file digital. Portofolio elektronik bisa dibuat dengan
peranti lunak khusus, sebuah situs online, atau program dasar seperti power
point. Kekurangan dari portofolio elektronik adalah perlengkapan, akses,
keamanan dan waktu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Evaluasi dan revisi stragetegi, teknologi dan media</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Evaluasi juga meliputi penilaian strategi, teknologi dan media. Salah satu
komponen kunci evaluasi dan revisi sebuah mata pelajaran adalah masukan dari
pembelajar. Kita juga bisa mendapatkan umpan balik terkait dengan strategi
pengajaran dan penggunaan teknologi dan media melalui wawancara dan diskusi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Evaluasi guru</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Salah satu komponen penting dari suasana
kelas manapun adalah guru, yang sebaiknya di evaluasi bersama dengan
komponen-komponen lainnya. Meskipun evaluasi atas pengajaran kita mungkin bisa
menimbulkan kekhawatiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Informasi yang dihasilkan akan
memberikan umpan balik yang bagus sekali untuk menangani area-araea yang butuh
pengembangan dan untuk mengetahui area-area pangajaran yang berkualitas tinggi
terdapat empat jenis dasar evaluasi guru: diri sendiri, siswa, rekan guru, dan
administrator.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Revisi strategi, teknologi dan
media.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Tahap terakhir dari siklus pengajaran adalah duduk dan melihat data penilaian
dan evaluasi. Dimana terdapat perbedaan antara yang kita inginkan untuk terjadi
dan apa yang memang terjadi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENERAPAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MODEL ASSURE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Rancangan pembelajaran menggunakan model ASSURE
digunakan pada proses pembelajaran mata pelajaran Teknologi Informasi dan
Komunikasi kelas X dengan materi perangkat keras komputer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun
rancangan pembelajarannya adalah sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Analisis Pebelajar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Karakteristik
umum (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">general characeristics</i>) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Siswa
kelas X SMA N 1 Sungai Rumbai pada mata pelajaran Teknologi Informasi dan
Komunikasi </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">rata-rata </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">siswanya berasal dari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">keluarga </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ekonomi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menengah ke bawah. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jumlah
siswa kelas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">X rata-rata 32
orang dengan jumlah rombongan belajar 6 lokal</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merumuskan
standar dan tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Setelah melakukan
pembelajaran Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi ini diharapkan siswa kelas X
mampu mengenali perangkat keras computer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memilih
strategi, teknologi, media dan materi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memilih
strategi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Strategi yang digunakan pada pembelajaran TIK Kelas X SMA N 1 Sungai Rumbai adalah
strategi demonstrasi langsung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
berpusat pada guru, agar pebelajar memperoleh pengalaman nyata bagaimana mengenali
perangkat keras computer. Selain itu juga menggunakan strategi yang berpusat
pada siswa, siswa melakukan praktik langsung.</span></div>
<br /><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memanfaatkan
teknologi media dan materi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Penggunaan teknologi dan
media pada pembelajaran TIK kelas X SMA N 1 Sungai Rumbai menggunakan teknologi
komputer yang berisi aplikasi software, siswa menggunakan komputer yang ada
dilaboratorium komputer dengan mem\lihat langsung semua perangkat keras computer.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Evaluasi dan Revisi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Pada
tahap evauasi, ada dua jenis evaluasi yang akan dilakukan yaitu evaluasi
rancangan pembelajarandan evaluasi hasil belajar, dilihat seberapa tercapainya
tujuan pembelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">RANCANGAN
RENCANA PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rancangan
rencana pelaksanann pembelajaran TIK Kelas X SMA N 1 Sungai Rumbai.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">RENCANA PELAKSANAAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PEMBELAJARAN (RPP) MODEL ASSURE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Mata Pelajaran <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Teknologi Informasi Dan Komunikasi</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kelas / Semester<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: X / 1 (SATU)</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Waktu<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4 x 45 menit</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Standar Kompetensi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 1. Melakukan Operasi Dasar Komputer</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Satuan Pendidikan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: SMA </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>N 1 Sungai Rumbai</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Dharmasraya</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list -.25in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-shadow: auto;">ANALISIS SISWA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 2.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peserta : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Siswa kelas </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">X SMA N 1 Sungai Rumbai</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Siswa berasal dan berdomisili di daerah dan merupakan penduduk asli
sehingga memiliki
kebudayaan yang sama.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Siswa dominan berasal dari keluarga ekonomi menengah ke bawah.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasyarat : </span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Siswa sudah memahami perangkat keras komputer</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Siswa sudah mampu membedakan masing-masing perangkat</span></li>
</ul>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list -.25in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-themecolor: text1;">KOMPETENSI DASAR</span></b></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 42.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo7; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menggunakan
perangkat lunak beberapa program aplikasi </span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list -.25in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-themecolor: text1;">INDIKATOR</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;"> PENCAPAIAN KOMPETENSI</span></b></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">1.2.1. Menoperasikan Disk
Operating Sistem </span></h2>
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<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.2.2. Mengoperasikan beberapa
program aplikasi</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TUJUAN
PEMBELAJARAN </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l5 level4 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Setelah
proses pembelajaran siswa dapat menjelaskan kembali fungsi dari DOS</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Siswa
dapat mengoperasikan DOS</div>
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<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Siswa
dapat mengoperasikan direktory dari DOS</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Siswa
dapat memberikan contoh beberapa program aplikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l5 level4 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Siswa dapat menjalankan salah satu program
aplikasi</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 42.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b>Karakter
siswa yang diharapkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 60.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: list 60.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i>Disiplin,
Kerja keras, Kreatif, Rasa ingin tahu, Cinta Tanah air, Menghargai prestasi,
Bersahabat, Cinta damai, Gemar membaca, Tanggung jawab. </i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 42.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b>Kreatif
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 60.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: list 60.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i>Percaya
diri, Berorientasi tugas dan hasil, Berani mengambil resiko, Berorientasi ke
masa depan </i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">MATERI</span> PEMBELAJARAN</b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;">Disk Operating Sistem
(DOS)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;">Program Aplikasi </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;">Paket Program</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list -.25in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">MODEL</span> PEMBELAJARAN</b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;">Model pembelajaran
kooperatif</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;">Model pembelajaran langsung</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 28.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list -.25in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">SUMBER</span> BELAJAR</b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;">Buku pegangan siswa
(1) Penerbit Erlangga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Karya
Sadiman, S.Pd</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;">Seperangkat computer</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;">LCD</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt .75in 2.5in 2.75in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Strategi Pembelajaran </b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .45in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<thead>
<tr style="height: 27.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.8pt;" width="185">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tatap Muka</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.4pt;" width="189">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Terstruktur</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.15pt;" width="200">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mandiri</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 56.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 56.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.8pt;" valign="top" width="185">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 12.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 12.8pt; text-indent: -12.8pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menggunakan
perangkat lunak beberapa program aplikasi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 56.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.4pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 8.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 8.5pt; text-indent: -8.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memperagakan beberapa operasi dalam DOS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 8.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 8.5pt 16.9pt; text-indent: -8.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memperagakan cara menjalankanbeberapa
program aplikasi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 56.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.15pt;" valign="top" width="200">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 8.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 8.5pt; text-indent: -8.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Siswa dapat Mengoperasikan Disk
operating Sistem</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 8.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 8.5pt 12.8pt; text-indent: -8.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Siswa dapat Mengoperasikan beberapa
program aplikasi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
</h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list -.25in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">KEGIATAN
</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">PEMBELAJARAN</span></b></div>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo5; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pendahuluan</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l5 level7 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in 3.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menyampaikan
kompetensi dasar dan indicator pembelajaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l5 level7 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in 3.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apersepsi
tentang bagaimana cara mengoperasikan komputer dan metoda yang dipelajari dari
2 pertemuan sebelumnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l5 level7 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in 3.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Motivasi
tentang keistimewaan program cara kerja komputer</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo5; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Kegiatan
Inti</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 28.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<i><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Pertemuan
pertama (2 jam pelajaran)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Eksplorasi</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dalam kegiatan
eksplorasi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo12; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Melalui informasi melalui LCD guru
menjelaskan fungsi dari DOS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo12; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Guru memberikan contoh cara masuk ke DOS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo12; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Siswa mengikuti apa yang dilakukan guru</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo12; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Guru menjelaskan cara membuat sub
direktory, mengcopy dokumen, menghapus direktory, mengubah nama dokumen,
menghapus dokumen, memformat disket</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Elaborasi</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dalam kegiatan
elaborasi, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo12; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Siswa berlatih untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membuat sub direktory, mengcopy dokumen,
menghapus direktory, mengubah nama dokumen, menghapus dokumen, memformat disket
sesuai dengan yang buku pedoman atau soal yang ditampilankan di layar LCD atau
di tuliskan di papan tulis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo12; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Guru m</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">emberikan tugas untuk pertemuan berikutnya, siswa
diminta untuk mencari referensi tentang program aplikasi, program bahasa
pemrogaran dan paket program</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<i><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Pertemuan kedua
(2 jam pelajaran)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Eksplorasi</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dalam kegiatan
eksplorasi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo12; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Siswa di bagi menjadi kelompok-kelompok
kecil dengan anggota 3 orang, setiap kelompok diberikan masalah program
aplikasi, program bahasa pemrogaran dan paket program</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Elaborasi</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dalam kegiatan
elaborasi, </span></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Siswa diminta untuk mendiskusikan masalah
yang telah diberikan dengan mencocokan, membahas dan menyesuaikan dengan sumber
bacaan yang mereka peroleh pada pertemuan sebelumnya</span></li>
<li><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Guru memantau suasana diskusi, dan
mengingatkan cara diskusi yang baik agar semua anggota diskusi dapat berperan
secara aktif</span></li>
<li><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Setelah berjalan kira-kiran 20 menit, satu
persatu kelompok diminta untuk maju dan mempresentasikan hasil diskusinya</span></li>
<li><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Kelompok yang lain diminta untuk
memberikan tanggapan, pertanyaan, sanggahan dan penyempurnaan jawaban.</span></li>
<li><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Guru memberikan penilaian pada aktifitas
siswa pada saat diskusi</span></li>
<li><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Setelah</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"> semua kelompok mempresentasikan maka guru
memberikan penguatan-penguatan terhadap jawaban yang masih kurang sempurna.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Konfirmasi</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dalam kegiatan
konfirmasi, Siswa:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo12; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Menyimpulkan</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"> tentang hal-hal yang belum diketahui </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>(nilai yang ditanamkan: </i></b><i>Disiplin,
Kerja keras, Kreatif, Rasa ingin tahu, Cinta Tanah air.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">);</b></i><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo12; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Menjelaskan</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"> tentang hal-hal yang belum diketahui. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>(nilai yang ditanamkan: </i></b><i>Menghargai
prestasi, Bersahabat, Cinta damai, Gemar membaca, Tanggung jawab,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">);</b></i><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b>Penutup</b></div>
<ul>
<li><span lang="DE" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dengan bimbingan guru siswa diajak untuk
menyimpulkan jawab. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>(nilai
yang ditanamkan: </i></b><i>Disiplin, Kerja keras, Kreatif, Rasa ingin tahu,
Cinta Tanah air, Menghargai prestasi, Bersahabat, Cinta damai, Gemar membaca,
Tanggung jawab.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">);</b></i><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span lang="DE" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Guru memberikan soal latihan untuk menguji
sekitar Indikator Pencapaian Kompetensi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>(nilai yang ditanamkan:
</i></b><i>Disiplin, Kerja keras, Kreatif, Rasa ingin tahu, Cinta Tanah air,
Menghargai prestasi, Bersahabat, Cinta damai, Gemar membaca, Tanggung jawab.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">);</b></i><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list -.25in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENILAIAN</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l5 level8 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Untuk menilai ranah pengetahuan siswa dilakukan
dengan memberikan soal latihan seperti berikut ini, dengan pemberian skor
setiap soal antara 1 – 100</div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-right: 16.4pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apa yang
dimaksud<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Operasi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jelaskan</i> dan berikan contoh sistem
operasi yang sekarang ada !</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-right: 16.4pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jelaskan
apa yang dimaksud dengan booting dan ada berapa jenis cara booting !</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-right: 16.4pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada MS.
DOS ada dua macam perintah yaitu perintah internal dan perintah ekstenal
jelaskan apa maksudnya dan berikan contoh perintah tersebut !</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-right: 16.4pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ingin membuat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>direktori <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Data Komputer</i> dari my dokumen, kemudian di dalam di direktori <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Data Komputer</i> ingin di buat sub
diirektory <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">DOS, WORD, dan EXCEL</i>
bagaimana prosedurnya ?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-right: 16.4pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dari soal
no. 4 jika semua dokumen yang berakhiran DOC ada pada directory my dokumen
akan dipindahkan ke direktori WORD bagaimana prosedurnya ?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-right: 16.4pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bagaimana
untuk (a) mengganti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">SAYA.HTML</i>
menjadi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">KOE.HTML</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-right: 16.4pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">File <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">KOE.HTML</i> akan digandakan ke drive A
dengan nama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">INDAH.HTML</i> bagaimana
prosedurnya ?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-right: 16.4pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apa tujuan
dan pemformatan disket dan jelaskan jika disket yang ada di drive B akan
diformat sekaligus diisi dengan sistem ?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-right: 16.4pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jelaskan
apa yang dimaksud dengan program aplikasi dan berikan contohnya !</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-right: 16.4pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apa
keunggulan dari paket program ?</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 16.4pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo9; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Untuk
penilaian kerja dilihat dari hasil diskusi setiap kelompok</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kelompok
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: -</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nama
anggota <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. ______________<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
4. _______________<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>2.
______________<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> 5. ______________<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>3.
_______________</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 53.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 564px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #FFCC99; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.1pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">No</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #FFCC99; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.75pt;" valign="top" width="216">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bidang Penilaian</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="background: #FFCC99; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.95pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Skor</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="background: #FFCC99; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.55pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sangat Baik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCC99; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.7pt;" valign="top" width="80">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Baik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCC99; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sedang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCC99; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kurang</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.1pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.75pt;" valign="top" width="216">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kerjasama kelompok</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.55pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.7pt;" valign="top" width="80">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.1pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.75pt;" valign="top" width="216">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengajukan pertanyaan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.55pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.7pt;" valign="top" width="80">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.1pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.75pt;" valign="top" width="216">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menjawab pertanyaan</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.55pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.7pt;" valign="top" width="80">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.1pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.75pt;" valign="top" width="216">
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<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menjawab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertanyaan dengan benar</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.1pt;" valign="top" width="47">
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<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5</span></div>
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<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.75pt;" valign="top" width="216">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penyebararan partisipasi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.55pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.7pt;" valign="top" width="80">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #CCFFFF; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.85pt;" valign="top" width="262">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rata-rata</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.55pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.7pt;" valign="top" width="80">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .65in;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<i><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kriteria</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<i><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Sangat baik >= 12 kali<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>konversi nilai >90</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<i><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Baik >= 8 kali <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>konversi
nilai 90 – 80</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<i><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Cukup >= 6 kali <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>konversi
nilai 80 – 70</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<i><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kurang < 6 kali <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>konversi
nilai 40 – 60</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
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<tbody>
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<td style="height: 21.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 181.7pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
Mengetahui,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
Kepala SMA <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">N 1 Sungai Rumbai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<u><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Syofianti
Engraini M.Pd</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">NIP/NIK : </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">197008081997022002</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 21.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.75pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 21.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 193.8pt;" valign="top" width="258">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sungai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rumbai ,</span> 29 Mei 2013</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
Guru mapel TIK</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<u><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ayu
Mustika Sari S.Pd</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">NIP/NIK : ....................................</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB IV</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan pembahasan diatas dapat diambil kesimpulan
bahwa dalam merancang pembelajaran pada mata pelajaran Teknologi Informasi dan
Komunikasi dapat menggunakan model pembelajaran ASSURE. Karena model ASSURE
dapat tersusun secara sistematis sehingga dapat membantu guru tahap demi tahap
dalam merencanakan kegiatan pembelajaran seperti menganalisis siswa, membantu
bagaimana menentukan tujuan, memilih media-teknologi-strategi-materi,
menggunakan media-teknologi-strategi-materi, bagaimana membuat siswa
berpartisipasi aktif sampai menilai dan merevisi kegiatan yang telah
berlangsung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR RUJUKAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Smaldino,Heinich, Molenda, Russel
.(2008). <b><i>Instructional Media And Technologies For Learning, (9<sup>th</sup>
edition)</i></b>, New York : Macmillan Publishing Company. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Smaldino, Lowther<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan Russel .(2012). <b><i>Instructional
Technologies Media And For Learning, (10<sup>th</sup> edition)</i></b>, Boston
: Pearson Education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01386131850589776611noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5702084028750123725.post-48445087769564764102013-05-12T08:41:00.003-07:002013-05-12T08:41:49.652-07:00MANFAAT TEORI BELAJAR BAGI PENDIDIK PROFESIONAL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengajaran identik dengan pendidikan. Proses pengajaran
adalah proses pendidikan. Setiap kegiatan pengajaran adalah untuk mencapai
tujuan pendidikan. Pengajaran adalah suatu proses aktivitas mengajar dan
belajar, didalamnya terdapat dua subjek yang saling terlibat, yaitu guru dan
peserta didik. Belajar adalah kegiatan yang berproses dan merupakan unsur yang
sangat fundamental dalam melaksanakan setiap jenis dan jenjang pendidikan.
Adanya proses yang panjang dan tertata dengan rapi serta berjenjang akan
memungkinkan belajar menjadi lebih baik dan efisien. </span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam keseluruhan proses pendidikan di sekolah, kegiatan
belajar merupakan kegiatan yang paling pokok. Ini berarti bahwa berhasil atau
tidaknya pencapai tujuan pendidikan hanya bergantung kepada bagaimana proses
belajar yang di alami oleh murid sebagai anak didik. Menurut Cronbach dia
mengemukakan dalam bukunya educational psychology dengan menyatakan bahwa
“Belajar dengan yang sebaik-baiknya adalah dengan mengalami dan dalam mengalami
itu sipengajar mempergunakan panca indranya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tantangan dalam dunia pendidikan ke depan adalah mewujudkan
proses demokratisasi belajar. Pembelajaran yang mengakui hak anak untuk
melakukan tindakan belajar sesuai karakteristiknya dan potensi yang ada dalam
diri anak. Salah stu faktor dalam lingkungan belajar yang mengedepankan
keaktifan anak adalah realness, yaitu sikap sadar diri bahwa anak memiliki
kekuatan disamping kelemahan, memiliki keberanian di samping rasa takut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori belajar selalu dikaitkan dengan ruang
lingkup bidang psikologi bahwa ada beberapa aspek yang harus mendapat
perhatian, yaitu aspek kognitif, aspek afektif dan aspek psikomotor. Hal inilah
yang melahirkan berbagai teori dalam pembelajaran yang telah kita ketahui
diantaranya, teori behaviorisme, teori humanisme, dan teori kognitif. Proses
belajar dalam teori-teori ini terdiri atas pembentukan asosiasi atau suatu
pembentukan hubungan antara gagasan, ingatan atau kegiatan pancaindra. Proses
belajar yang digambarkan seperti itu menurut Pavlov terdiri atas pembentukan
asosiasi antara stimulus dan respons refleksif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PERMASALAHAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pendidik Profesional</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Guru profesional,
menurut pandangan umum ialah pendidik yang dapat<br />
dipatuhi (digugu) perikatanya serta diikuti (ditiru) perilakunya. Ia dipatuhi<br />
apa yang dikatakan karena memiliki kecerdasan yang memadai dan diikuti apa yang<br />
dilakukan karena memiliki budi pekerti yang mulia. Guru profesional ialah sosok<br />
yang 'lengkap', cerdas, dan berbudi pekerti sebagai dasar untuk menjalankan<br />
tugas keguruannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses
pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menuntut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Profesionalitas guru dalam pengunaan teori
belajar. Teori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belajar merupan sumber
daya yang tersedia untuk memahami belajar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">learning).
</i>Dengan guru mampu memanfaatkan teori belajar, maka guru itu akan mampu
memahami peran belajar bagi individu dan manusia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Belajar
bukan sekedar latihan akademik bagi individu, belajar merupakan aspek penting.
Belajar dapat menjelaskan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tentang
memperoleh berbagai kemampuan dan keterampilan, tentang strategi untuk
menjelaskan peran di dunia, serta tentang sikap dan nilai yang memandu tingkah
seseorang.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian
Teori Belajar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dalam keseluruhan proses pendidikan di sekolah,
kegiatan belajar merupakan kegiatan yang paling pokok. Ini berarti bahwa
berhasil atau tidaknya pencapai tujuan pendidikan hanya bergantung kepada
bagaimana proses belajar yang di alami oleh murid sebagai anak didik. Menurut
Witharington (1952. h. 165) “belajar merupakam perubahan kepribadian yang
dimanifestasikan sebagai pola-pola proses yng baru yang berbentuk keterampilan,
sikap, kebiasaan, pengetahuan dan kecakapan”. Pendapat yang hampir sama
dikemukakan oleh Crow and Crow dan Hilgrld. Menurut Crow and Crow (1958. h.
225) belajar adalah diperolehnya kebiasaan-kebiasaan, pengetahuan dan sikap
baru. Sedangkan menurut hilgard (1962. h. 252) belajar adalah sutu proses
dinama suatu perilaku muncul atau berubah karena adanya respon terhadap sesuatu
siatuasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari defenisi yang telah dikemukakna diatas bahwa belajar
merupakan suatu proses perubahan tinggkah laku sebagai hasil dari interaksi
dengan lingkungan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Jadi dapat disimpulkan
bahwa bwlajar ialah suatu proses usaha yang dilakukan individu untuk memperoleh
suatu perubahan tingkah laku yang baru secara keseluruhan sebagai hasil
pengalaman individu itu sendiri dalam interaksi dengan lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori adalah cara-cara atau metode yang digunakan untuk
mempelajari atau meneliti sesuatu dalam sesuatu proses pembelajaran. Berarti
teori belajar adalah cara-cara yang digunakan untuk memahami tingkah laku
individu yang relatif menetap sebagai hasil pengalaman dan interaksi dengan
lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Teori-teori Belajar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam perkembangannya, berbagai teori belajar yang telah
disampaikan oleh para ilmuwan tidak ada yang menunjukkan keunggulan yang
holistic, karena teori tersebut hanya memandang dari sisi dan aspek tertentu
yang ada dalam diri manusia. Sehingga segi positif dari teori-teori tersebut
perlu dikombinasikan untuk mencapai hasil pembelajaran yang optimal, serta
disesuaikan dengan pribadi dan karakter tiap-tiap individu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun jenis-jenis teori belajar adalah, sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1).
Koneksionisme</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Teori koneksionisme
adalah teori yang ditemukan dan dikembangkan oleh Edward L.
Thorndike (1874-1949). Berdasarkan eksperimennya, Thorndike berkesimpulan bahwa
belajar adalah hubungan antara stimulus dan respons. Itulah sebabnya, teori
koneksionisme juga disebut “S-R Bond Theory” dan “S-R Psychology of Learning”.
Di samping itu, teori ini juga terkenal dengan sebutan “Trial and Error
Learning”. (Muhibbin Syah, 2008:105). Setiap manusia maupun organisme lainnya,
jika dihadapkan pada situasi yang baru akan melakukan tindakan-tindakan yang
sifatnya coba-coba secara membabi buta. Jika dalam usaha coba-coba itu secara
kebetulan ada sesuatu yang dianggap memenuhi tuntutan situasi dan kondisi, maka
tingkah laku atau perbuatan yang kebetulan cocok itu akan diingatnya. Sedangkan
perbuatan atau tingkah laku yang dianggap tidak dapat memenuhi tuntutan situasi
dan kondisi akan dilupakan. Tingkah laku ini terjadi secara otomatis sehingga
belajar itu dapat dilatih dengan syarat-syarat tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2).
Pembiasaan (Conditioning)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pelopor dari teori ini adalah Ivan
Pavlov, kemudian dengan perkembangannya melalui percobaan-percobaan ditemukan
teori-teori yang lain seperti menurut Burrhus Frederic Skinner dan Edwin R.
Guthrie.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori ini hanya dapat diterima dalam hal-hal belajar
tertentu saja, umpamanya dalam belajar penguasaan skills (kecekatan-kecekatan)
tertentu (Ngalim Purwanto, 2007:91). Termasuk dalam hal ini adalah keterampilan
psikomotorik siswa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3).
Kognitif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori kognitif menjelaskan, belajar bukan hanya sekedar
merupakan proses asosiasi antara stimulus dan respons yang makin lama makin
kuat karena adanya latihan-latihan atau ulangan-ulangan. Belajar terjadi jika
ada pengertian (insight) yang muncul apabila seseorang setelah beberapa saat mencoba
memahami suatu masalah, tiba-tiba muncul adanya kejelasan, terlihat hubungan
antara unsur-unsur yang satu dengan yang lain kemudian dipahami sangkut
pautnya. Belajar adalah suatu proses rentetan penemuan dengan bantuan
pengalaman-pengalaman yang sudah ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori belajar kognitif ini sangat erat hubungan dan berasal
dari teori kognitif dan teori psikologi. Tujuan dari teori psikologi adalah
untuk membentuk hubungan yang teruji, yang teramalkan dari tingkah laku
orang-orang pada ruang kehidupan mereka secara spesifik sesuai situasi
psikologisnya. Teori kognitif dikembangkan terutama untuk membantu guru
memahami orang lain, terutama muridnya. Ternyata hal ini dapat membantu si guru
untuk memahami dirinya sendiri dengan lebih baik. Dalam teori kognitif belajar
diartikan proses interaksional di mana seseorang memperoleh insight baru atau
struktur kognitif dan merubah hal-hal yang lama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori belajar kognitif dibentuk dengan tujuan mengkonstruksi
prinsip-prinsip belajar secara ilmliah yang dapat diterapkan ke situasi kelas
dengan menghasilkan prosedur-prosedur di kelas untuk mendapatkan hasil yang
paling produktif. Teori belajar kognitif menjelaskan bagaimana seseorang
mencapai pemahaman atas dirinya dan lingkungannya lalu menafsirkan bahwa diri
dan lingkungan psikologisnya merupakan faktor-faktor yang saling tergantung
satu dan lainnya. Teori ini dikembangkan berdasarkan tujuan yang melatar
belakangi prilaku, cita-cita, cara-cara seseorang dan bagaimana seseorang
memahami diri dan lingkungannya dalam usaha untuk mencapai tujuan orang
tersebut. Setiap pengertian yang diperoleh berdasarkan pengertian yang
diperoleh dari memahami diri sendiri dan lingkungannya yang disebut insight.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4).
Konstruktivisme</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip konstruktivisme adalah inti dari filsafat pendidikan
William James dan John Dewey (John W. Santrock, 2008:8). Konstruktivisme
menekankan agar individu secara aktif menyusun dan membangun pengetahuan dan
pemahaman. Konstruktivisme dikembang luas oleh Jean Piaget, ia dikenal sebagai
seorang psikolog yang pada akhirnya lebih tertarik pada filsafat
konstruktivisme dalam proses belajar. Titik sentral teori Jean Piaget adalah
perkembangan pikiran secara alami dari lahir sampai dewasa, menurut Piaget
untuk memahami teori itu kita harus paham tentang asumsi-asumsi biologi maupun
implikasi asumsi-asumsi tersebut dalam mengartikan pengetahuan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.
Fungsi Teori Pembelajaran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah teori pembelajaran biasanya memiliki 3 fungsi yang
berbeda namun saling terkait dengan erat. Antara lain fungsi –
fungsi tersebut ialah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1). Teori pembelajaran adalah pendekatan terhadap suatu
bidang pengetahuan; suatu cara menganalisis, membicarakan dan meneliti
pembelajaran. Teori pembelajaran berfungsi menggambarkan sudut pandang peneliti
mengenai aspek-aspek pembelajaran yang paling bernilai untuk dipelajari,
variabel-variabel independen yang harus dimanipulasi dan variabel-variabel
dependen yang harus dikaji, teknik – teknik penelitian yang hendak digunakan,
dan bahasa apa yang harus digunakan untuk mendekripsikan temuan-temuannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2). Teori pembelajaran berupaya meringkas sekumpulan besar
pengetahuan mengenai hukum-hukum pembelajaran ke dalam ruang yang cukup kecil.
Teori-teori pembelajaran, dalam upayanya meringkas sejumlah besar pengetahuan
kehilangan akutasi dan kekompakkannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3). Teori pembelajaran secara kreatif berupaya menjelaskan
apa itu pembelajaran dan mengapa pembelajaran berlangsung seperti
adanya hukum-hukum menunjukkan bagaimana pembelajaran terjadi teori-teori
berupaya menunjukan menyapa pembelajaran terjadi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Jadi teori pembelajaran berupaya menghasilkan
pemahaman pokok tersebut yang merupakan salah satu tujuan khusus pengetahuan
dan juga bentuk-bentuk kegiatan ilmiah lainya teori berupaya merepresentasikan
upaya terbaik manusia untuk memastikan struktur apa yang melandasi dunia tempat
kita hidup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penerapan dari beberapa teori belajar sangat bermanfaat
dalam proses pembelajaran, diantaranya yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)
<span style="color: black;">Membantu guru untuk memahami bagaimana siswa belajar</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)
<span style="color: black;">Membimbing guru untuk merancang dan merencanakan
proses pembelajaran</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)
<span style="color: black;">Memandu guru untuk mengelola kelas</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)
<span style="color: black;">Membantu guru untuk mengevaluasi proses, perilaku
guru sendiri serta hasil belajar siswa</span> <span style="color: black;">yang
telah dicapai</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)
<span style="color: black;">Membantu proses belajar lebih efektif, efisien dan
produktif</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6)
<span style="color: black;">Membantu guru dalam memberikan dukungan dan bantuan
kepada siswa sehingga dapat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7)
<span style="color: black;">mencapai hasil prestasi yang maksimal.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Implikasi perkembangan teori pembelajaran
sekarang sangat bervariasi dan lebih inovatif. Pendidik dapat menerapkan
menurut aliran-aliran teori tertentu. Seperti teori behavioristik dalam
pembelajaran guru memperhatikan tujuan belajar dan karakteristik siswa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMECAHAN
MASALAH</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M<b>anfaat
Mempelajari Teori Belajar</b></span></div>
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Belajar itu berfungsi sebagai alat mempertahankan kehidupan manusia. Artinya
dengan ilmu dan teknologi hasil kelompok belajar manusia tertindas itu juga
dapat digunakan untuk membangun benteng pertahanan. Iptek juga dapat dipakai
unutk membuat senjata penangkis agresi sekelompok manusia tertentu yang mingkin
bernafsu serakah atau mengalami gangguan Psycopaty yang berat watak merusak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Rogers yang terpenting dalam proses pembelajaran
adalah pentingnya guru memperhatikan prinsip pendidikan dan pembelajaran,
yaitu:</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjadi manusia berarti memiliki
kekuatan yang wajar untuk belajar</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siswa tidak harus belajar tentang
hal-hal yang tidak ada artinya</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siswa akan mempelajari hal-hal yang
bermakna bagi dirinya</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengorganisasian bahan pengajaran
berarti mengorganisasikan bahan dan ide baru sebagai bagian yang bermakna bagi
siswa</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belajar yang bermakna dalam
masyarakat modern berarti belajar tentang proses.</span></div>
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Sedangkan manfaat dari mempelajari teori belajar adalah dapat menimbulkan
tingkah laku organisme dengan adanya hubungan antara Stimulus (rangsangan)
dengan Respond an dapat memperkuat hubungan antara Stimulus dan Respon
tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.
<b>Manfaat Teori Belajar Bagi pendidik profesional</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan utama para pendidik ialah membantu si siswa untuk
mengembangkan dirinya, yaitu membantu masing-masing individu untuk mengenal
diri mereka sendiri sebagai manusia yang unik dan membantu dalam mewujudkan
potensi-potensi yang ada pada diri mereka, salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan
teori belajar. Adapun manfaat teori belajar antara lain:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)
Sebagai Landasan dalam penerapan materi pembelajaran yang bersifat pembentukan
kepribadian.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)
Memberi dorongan kepada siswa agar menjadi manusia yang bebas tidak terikat
oleh pendapat orang lain dn mengatur pribadinya sendiri secara bertanggung
jawab tanpa mengurangi hak-hak orang lain atau melanggar aturan, norma dan
etika yang ada.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)
Dapat mengindentifikasikan keberhasilan aplikasi teori</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)
Mengetahui berbagai macam prilaku atau ciri-ciri siswa dan menemukan cara-cara
untuk menyikapinya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)
Mampu menciptakan suasana belajar yang aktif dan dinamis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6)
Membantu menyalurkan dan mengoptimalkan potensi masing-masing siswa .</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori belajar selalu dikaitkan dengan ruang
lingkup bidang psikologi bahwa ada beberapa aspek yang harus mendapat
perhatian, yaitu aspek kognitif, aspek afektif dan aspek psikomotor. Hal inilah
yang melahirkan berbagai teori dalam pembelajaran yang telah kita ketahui
diantaranya, teori behaviorisme, teori humanisme, dan teori kognitif. Proses belajar
dalam teori-teori ini terdiri atas pembentukan asosiasi atau suatu pembentukan
hubungan antara gagasan, ingatan atau kegiatan pancaindra. Proses belajar yang
digambarkan seperti itu menurut Pavlov terdiri atas pembentukan asosiasi antara
stimulus dan respons refleksif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut J.B. Watson dasar dari penemuan Pavlov tersebut yang
merupakan istilah behaviorisme. Watson berpendapat bahwa perilaku manusia harus
dipelajari secara objektif. Proses pembelajaran itu bergerak dengan pandangan
secara menyeluruh dari situasi menuju segmen bahasa tertentu, yang disajikan
menyerupai metode dengar ucap.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
IV</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KESIMPULAN
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.
Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1). Teori
adalah cara-cara atau metode yang digunakan untuk mempelajari atau
meneliti sesuatu dalam sesuatu proses pembelajaran.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2).
Teori belajar adalah cara-cara aygn digunakan untuk memahami tingkah laku
individu yang relative menetap sebagai hasil pengalaman dan interaksi dengan
lingkungan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3).
Jenis-jenis teori belajar adalah, sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koneksionisme</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembiasaan
(Conditioning)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kognitif</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konstruktivisme</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4).
Manfaat Teori belajar </span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai
Landasan dalam penerapan materi pembelajaran yang bersifat pembentukan
kepribadian.</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberi
dorongan kepada siswa agar menjadi manusia yang bebas tidak terikat oleh
pendapat orang lain </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat
mengindentifikasikan keberhasilan aplikasi teori</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengetahui
berbagai macam prilaku atau ciri-ciri siswa dan menemukan cara-cara untuk
menyikapinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mampu
menciptakan suasana belajar yang aktif dan dinamis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membantu
menyalurkan dan mengoptimalkan potensi masing-masing siswa .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andi.2009. Teori-teori Belajar. </span><a href="http://andi1988.wordpress.com/2009/01/28/teori-teori-belajar-2/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://andi1988.wordpress.com/2009/01/28/teori-teori-belajar-2/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Diakses. 13 Desember 2011</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Azhari,
Ilyas. 1996. <i>Psikologi Pendidikan</i>. Semarang : Toha Putra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Budiningsih,
Asri.2005. <i>Belajar dan Pembelajaran</i>. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moh.
Uzer Usman. 1995. <i>Menjadi Guru Profesional</i>. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nursyamsi.2003.
<i>Psikologi Pendidikan</i>. Padang : Baitul Hikmah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Slavin, R.E. 2000. <i>Educational
Psychology: Theory and Practice.</i> Sixth Edition. Boston: Allyn and
Bacon</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sukmadinata, Nana Syaodih. 2005. <i>Landasan
Psikologi Proses Pendidikan.</i> Bandung : Remaja Rosdakarya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">KONTEKS SOSIAL</span> PEMBANGUNAN</b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">KURIKULUM</span></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PEMBELAJARAN UNTUK SISWA (PENTING)</span></b></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Keragaman dan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">kebutuhan khusus</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">semua
siswa</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">menyarankan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">dibedakan</span>.
<span class="hps">Telah ada</span> <span class="hps">perdebatan</span> <span class="hps">di kalangan</span> <span class="hps">pendidik</span> <span class="hps">tentang
masalah</span> <span class="hps">ini</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, membahas tentang </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertanyaan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">! <span class="hps">Tentang</span> <span class="hps">keadilan sosial</span>, <span class="hps">tentang</span> <span class="hps">tujuan</span> <span class="hps">pendidikan</span>
<span class="hps">dalam masyarakat demokratis</span> <span class="hps">dan tentang</span>
<span class="hps">peran sekolah</span> <span class="hps">dalam mempersiapkan</span>
<span class="hps">s</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">iswa, mulai dari sebelum sekolah sampai </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sekolah <span class="hps">pilihan</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Seorang siswa hendakanya memiliki
kesempatan untuk sukses, dan untuk itu hendaknya sekolah dapat menghantarkan
anak pada kesempatan itu dengan bermodalkan jenis pengetahuan dan skil.
Pengetahuan dan skil akan mempersiapkan mereka utuk berpartisipasi dalam
masyarakat dan dalam perekonomian. Terlepasa dari mana mereka tinggal, </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sejarah keluarga mereka</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, <span class="hps">jenis kelamin mereka</span>
<span class="hps">,</span> <span class="hps">ras</span>, <span class="hps">etnis</span>
<span class="hps">atau</span> <span class="hps">sekolah</span> <span class="hps">yang
mereka hadiri</span>.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><br />
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Masalah utama yang dihadapi</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">guru</span> <span class="hps">dan pembuat</span> <span class="hps">kebijakan untuk</span> <span class="hps">dipertimbangkan adalah</span> <span class="hps">bagaimana
menyeimbangkan</span> <span class="hps">apa yang dianggap</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">'</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">penting' <span class="hps">untuk semua</span> <span class="hps">siswa dengan</span> <span class="hps">memastikan bahwa</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">juga memenuhi</span> <span class="hps">kebutuhan</span> <span class="hps">khusus siswa</span> <span class="hps">dan
masih</span> <span class="hps">tetap</span> <span class="hps">menarik</span> <span class="hps">dan relevan</span> <span class="hps">bagi kaum muda</span>. <span class="hps">Perdebatan</span> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">salah
satu yang berkelanjutan</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">melibatkan</span>
<span class="hps">pemerintah</span>, <span class="hps">akademisi</span>, <span class="hps">guru</span> <span class="hps">dan orang tua</span>. <span class="hps">Isu-isu</span>
<span class="hps">utama yang berkaitan dengan</span> <span class="hps">'</span>pelajaran
<span class="hps">penting</span>' </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pada</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">masa lalu</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">saat ini</span>, <span class="hps">dan
akan ditinjau</span> <span class="hps">dalam bab ini</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penting</span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">nya </span></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">pembelajaran</span></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">'</span></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: </span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sebuah konsep</span></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">diperebutkan</span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">W.F.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">Connell</span> <span class="hps">(1989</span>, <span class="hps">p.51</span>)
<span class="hps">membuat</span> <span class="hps">titik</span> </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps"><span lang="IN">abad
ke-20</span></span><span lang="IN"> <span class="hps">telah terjadi</span> <span class="hps">pencarian</span> <span class="hps">terus-menerus</span> <span class="hps">untuk elemen</span> <span class="hps">pusat atau</span> <span class="hps">komponen dalam</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum sekolah</span>. </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dengan </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pencaria</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">n itu </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">tubuh konten</span></span><span lang="IN"> <span class="hps">mengekspresikan</span> <span class="hps">esensi</span> <span class="hps">dari budaya</span> <span class="hps">sekolah</span> <span class="hps">yang</span>
<span class="hps">terutama berkaitan</span> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dengan</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
mengajar</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">siswa</span> <span class="hps">'</span>. <span class="hps">Gagasan</span> <span class="hps">ini</span> <span class="hps">telah
sering</span> <span class="hps">dinyatakan dalam</span> <span class="hps">mendefinisikan</span>'
<span class="hps">inti</span> <span class="hps">^</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span>
<span class="hps">'</span>yang cukup <span class="hps">mengekspresikan</span> <span class="hps">nilai-nilai budaya</span> <span class="hps">kunci</span> <span class="hps">dan asumsi</span> <span class="hps">(</span>Skilbeck <span class="hps">1982</span>,
<span class="hps">Lawton</span> <span class="hps">1973</span>, <span class="hps">Smith</span>,
<span class="hps">Stanley</span> <span class="hps">&</span> <span class="hps">Shores</span>
<span class="hps">1950</span>). <span class="hps">Baru-baru ini</span>, <span class="hps">karena pemerintah</span> <span class="hps">dan masyarakat</span> <span class="hps">mereka</span> <span class="hps">melanjutkan pencarian</span> <span class="hps">mereka untuk</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">sekolah
yang</span> <span class="hps">akan</span> <span class="hps">melanti</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">h</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps"><span lang="IN">orang-orang muda</span></span><span lang="IN"> <span class="hps">ke dalam</span> <span class="hps">nilai-nilai</span> <span class="hps">kunci
dan</span> <span class="hps">ide-ide</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">dianggap</span> <span class="hps">mendasari</span> <span class="hps">masyarakat
Australia</span>, <span class="hps">'</span>pelajaran <span class="hps">penting</span>'
<span class="hps">istilah</span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">itu lah yang </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">telah digunakan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. <span class="hps">Pada satu</span> <span class="hps">tingkat,</span> <span class="hps">Menteri</span>
<span class="hps">Penasehat</span> <span class="hps">Dewan</span> <span class="hps">Pendidikan</span>,
<span class="hps">Pekerjaan</span>, <span class="hps">Pelatihan dan</span> <span class="hps">Urusan Pemuda</span> <span class="hps">(</span>MCEETYA) <span class="hps">setuju</span> <span class="hps">pada tahun 2003</span> <span class="hps">untuk
mengembangkan</span> <span class="hps">'</span>Laporan <span class="hps">Belajar</span>
<span class="hps">[</span>yang] <span class="hps">akan</span> <span class="hps">menggambarkan</span>
<span class="hps">penting</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">nya </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">ski</span></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ll</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">^</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, <span class="hps">pengetahuan</span>, <span class="hps">pemahaman</span> <span class="hps">dan
kapasitas</span> <span class="hps">bahwa semua</span> <span class="hps">kaum muda
Australia</span> <span class="hps">harus memiliki</span> <span class="hps">kesempatan
untuk</span> <span class="hps">belajar dengan</span> <span class="hps">akhir</span>
</span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dari
tahun</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps"><span lang="IN">3</span></span><span lang="IN">, <span class="hps">5</span>, <span class="hps">7</span> <span class="hps">dan 9</span> <span class="hps">'</span><span class="atn">(</span>MCEETYA ). <span class="hps">Pada</span>
<span class="hps">tingkat lain</span>, <span class="hps">sejumlah pemerintah</span>
<span class="hps">Negara Bagian dan Wilayah</span> <span class="hps">juga telah</span>
<span class="hps">mengadopsi</span> <span class="hps">bahasa</span> <span class="hps">'</span>pelajaran <span class="hps">penting</span>': <span class="hps">Standar</span>
<span class="hps">Pembelajaran</span> <span class="hps">Esensial</span> <span class="hps">di Victoria</span>, <span class="hps">Esensial</span> <span class="hps">Pembelajaran</span>
<span class="hps">Medali</span> <span class="hps">di</span> <span class="hps">Australian
Capital Territory</span>, <span class="hps">Pelajaran</span> <span class="hps">penting</span>
<span class="hps">di Northern Territory</span>, <span class="hps">The</span> <span class="hps">Learnings</span> <span class="hps">Esensial dan</span> <span class="hps">Standar</span>
<span class="hps">di Queensland</span>, <span class="hps">Pelajaran</span> <span class="hps">Pokok di</span> <span class="hps">Australia Selatan</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">Kerangka</span> <span class="hps">Pelajaran</span>
<span class="hps">Pokok di</span> <span class="hps">Tasmania</span>.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yang menjadi catatan
penting adalah kebanyakan sekolah berorientasi pada hasil, sekolah lebih
terfokus pada hasil pembelajaran yang bersifat umum dari pada pengetahuan yang
bersifat kusus. </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ini adalah perbedaan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">mendasar antara</span> <span class="hps">pandangan yang lebih tua</span>
<span class="hps">dan yang lebih baru</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">penting</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">pembelajaran</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. <span class="hps">Ini</span> <span class="hps">menimbulkan pertanyaan</span> <span class="hps">penting</span> <span class="hps">apakah</span> <span class="hps">ada
beberapa</span> <span class="hps">bidang pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">yang
penting</span> <span class="hps">bagi semua siswa di</span> <span class="hps">samping</span>
<span class="hps">seperangkat</span> <span class="hps">hasil belajar</span>. <span class="hps">Beberapa penulis</span> <span class="hps">tidak ragu</span> <span class="hps">bahwa pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">tertentu dalam</span> <span class="hps">diri</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, hendaknya</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> memiliki</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">nilai</span> <span class="hps">budaya</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">,</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps"><span lang="IN">sehingga</span></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> budaya</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps"><span lang="IN">harus dimasukkan</span></span><span lang="IN"> <span class="hps">dalam</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum sekolah</span> <span class="hps">(</span>Donnelly <span class="hps">2005)</span>.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Namun ada sejumlah upaya
yang dilakukan sejumlah masyarakat dalam sejarah kurikulum Australia untuk
mencari jawaban, tentang asumsi budaya dan nilai-nilai dalam masyarakat dan
bagaimana penerapannya dalam kurukulum sekolah. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kerangka kerja pemahaman kurikulum
umum didasarkan pada asumsi bahwa sekolah dalam masyarakat Demokratis harus
mencerminkan sifat majemuk masyaraka.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hal ini menjadi dorongan untuk kerangka dari mana kurikulum dapat
dibagun.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Inti</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">penting dari</span> <span class="hps">moralitas sosial</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Moral</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">nilai-nilai</span> <span class="hps">dan praktik</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">terkait erat</span> <span class="hps">dengan</span>
<span class="hps">ide</span> <span class="hps">pluralisme</span> <span class="hps">itu
sendiri</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Karakteristik</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">utama dari</span> <span class="hps">sistem</span> <span class="hps">politik,
hukum</span> <span class="hps">dan ekonomi</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">masyarakat</span> <span class="hps">\</span> <span class="hps">keseluruhan</span>
<span class="hps">di mana</span> <span class="hps">beragam cara</span> <span class="hps">hidup</span> <span class="hps">berdampingan</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pusat</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">fitur</span> <span class="hps">dari budaya umum</span><span class="atn">-</span>khas
dan <span class="hps">berkembang</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sikap dan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">keterampilan yang berkaitan dengan</span> <span class="hps">rasionalitas</span>
<span class="hps">terbuka</span> <span class="hps">diterapkan untuk</span> <span class="hps">refleksi kritis</span> <span class="hps">pada</span> <span class="hps">keyakinan</span>
<span class="hps">dan nilai-nilai</span> <span class="hps">dari cara</span> <span class="hps">hidup seseorang</span> <span class="hps">dan orang lain</span>. <span class="hps">(</span>Crittenden <span class="hps">1989,</span> <span class="hps">h.3</span><span class="atn">-</span>4)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Upaya lain</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">untuk memusatkan perhatian</span> <span class="hps">pada isu-isu</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum inti</span> <span class="hps">berasal dari</span> <span class="hps">Kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">Persemakmuran</span>
<span class="hps">Pemerintah</span> <span class="hps">Pusat Pengembangan</span> <span class="hps">(1980)</span>, <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">menyarankan</span>
<span class="hps">sembilan bidang</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">dan pengalaman</span>:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Seni dan
kerajinan</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">Studi</span></span><span lang="IN"> <span class="hps">lingkungan</span></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Matematika</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">keahlian dan</span> <span class="hps">penalaran</span> <span class="hps">dan
penerapannya</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sosial</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, <span class="hps">budaya</span> <span class="hps">dan kemasyarakatan</span> <span class="hps">kajian</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">pendidikan kesehatan</span></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ilmiah dan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">teknologi</span> <span class="hps">cara</span> <span class="hps">mengetahui
dan</span> <span class="hps">aplikasi</span> <span class="hps">sosial mereka</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">Komunikasi</span></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penalaran moral <span class="hps">dan
tindakan</span>, <span class="hps">nilai dan</span> <span class="hps">kepercayaan</span>
<span class="hps">sistem</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">Pekerjaan</span></span><span lang="IN">, waktu luang <span class="hps">dan
gaya hidup</span>.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lawton</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">(</span>. <span class="hps">1973,</span> <span class="hps">p</span> <span class="hps">140</span>) <span class="hps">mengidentifikasi lima</span> <span class="hps">inti</span> <span class="hps">yang berbeda</span>, <span class="hps">masing-masing dengan</span> <span class="hps">integrasi secara internal</span> <span class="hps">lengkap</span>:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Matematika</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fisik</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">dan biologis</span> <span class="hps">ilmu</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ilmu kemanusiaan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">dan ilmu sosial</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yang</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">ekspresif</span> <span class="hps">seni</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Moral</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">pendidikan.</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perlu</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">dicatat bahwa</span>, <span class="hps">dalam</span> <span class="hps">ketiga</span>
<span class="hps">formulasi</span>, <span class="hps">tidak ada korespondensi</span>
<span class="hps">langsung antara</span> <span class="hps">area yang diidentifikasi</span>
<span class="hps">dari pengalaman</span> <span class="hps">umum dan</span> <span class="hps">batas-batas</span> <span class="hps">subjek</span> <span class="hps">tradisional</span>.
<span class="hps">Namun demikian</span>, <span class="hps">di dunia nyata</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">sehingga</span> <span class="hps">ini
sangat sering</span> <span class="hps">pelajaran</span> <span class="hps">tradisional
yang</span> <span class="hps">muncul sebagai</span> <span class="hps">pendorong
utama</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span>. <span class="hps">Qne</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">argumen</span> <span class="hps">utama oleh</span>
<span class="hps">kelompok-kelompok masyarakat</span> <span class="hps">yang menentang</span>
<span class="hps">Hasil</span> <span class="hps">Berdasarkan</span> <span class="hps">Pendidikan</span>, <span class="hps">misalnya</span>, <span class="hps">adalah
bahwa</span> <span class="hps">harus ada</span> <span class="hps">lebih fokus</span>
<span class="hps">pada konten</span> <span class="hps">tradisional</span> <span class="hps">dalam kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">sekolah</span>. <span class="hps">Ini</span> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">argumen yang
sama</span> <span class="hps">yang digunakan</span> <span class="hps">oleh</span> <span class="hps">Perdana Menteri</span>, <span class="hps">John</span> <span class="hps">Howard</span>,
<span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">fokus yang lebih besar</span> <span class="hps">pada</span> <span class="hps">Australia Sejarah</span> <span class="hps">di
sekolah</span>. <span class="hps">Namun</span> <span class="hps">sering ada</span> <span class="hps">kesalahpahaman</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">¬</span>
<span class="hps">berdiri</span> <span class="hps">dari apa yang</span> <span class="hps">'</span>tradisional' <span class="hps">sekarang berarti</span>, <span class="hps">karena dalam</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span> <span class="hps">akademis
banyak</span> <span class="hps">telah ada</span> <span class="hps">pertanyaan</span>
<span class="hps">besar</span> <span class="hps">sifat</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span>
<span class="hps">di zaman</span> <span class="hps">postmodern</span>. <span class="hps">Hal ini penting</span> <span class="hps">ketika datang ke</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum sekolah</span> <span class="hps">untuk memahami</span> <span class="hps">cara-cara</span> <span class="hps">di mana</span> <span class="hps">wacana</span>
<span class="hps">telah bergeser</span> <span class="hps">dari waktu ke waktu</span>
<span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">menganggap</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span>
<span class="hps">akademis</span> <span class="hps">dengan cara yang baru</span> <span class="hps">dan berbeda</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perspektif sejarah</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">pada mata pelajaran</span>
<span class="hps">sekolah dan</span> <span class="hps">disiplin akademis</span></span></b><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kliebard</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">(1995</span>, <span class="hps">hal.7</span>) <span class="hps">telah membuat</span>
<span class="hps">titik</span> <span class="hps">itu.</span> <span class="hps">.</span>
<span class="hps">sulit</span> <span class="hps">untuk membayangkan</span> <span class="hps">suatu</span> <span class="hps">budaya di mana</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan</span>
<span class="hps">dianggap</span> <span class="hps">berharga untuk</span> <span class="hps">alasan apapun</span> <span class="hps">tidak</span> <span class="hps">menemukan
jalan</span> <span class="hps">ke dalam apa yang</span> <span class="hps">diajarkan</span>
<span class="hps">sengaja untuk</span> <span class="hps">kaum muda</span> <span class="hps">itu</span> <span class="hps">masyarakat</span> <span class="hps">'</span>.
<span class="hps">Di Cina</span> <span class="hps">Kuno</span>, <span class="hps">misalnya</span>,
<span class="hps">selama periode</span> <span class="hps">Chou</span> <span class="hps">(1111-771</span> <span class="hps">SM</span>) <span class="hps">sekolah</span>
<span class="hps">yang terbuka untuk</span> <span class="hps">anak-anak</span> <span class="hps">kaum bangsawan</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span>
<span class="hps">terdiri dari</span> <span class="hps">seni</span> <span class="hps">liberal</span> <span class="hps">ritual</span> <span class="hps">hari</span>,
<span class="hps">musik</span>, <span class="hps">memanah</span>, <span class="hps">charioteering</span>,
<span class="hps">menulis</span>, <span class="hps">dan matematika</span> <span class="hps">'</span><span class="atn">(</span><span class="hps">Encyclopaedia</span> <span class="hps">Britannica</span> <span class="hps">2005)</span>. <span class="hps">Dimulai</span>
<span class="hps">pada zaman Romawi</span>, <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">terus</span> <span class="hps">mempengaruhi</span> <span class="hps">hak</span>
<span class="hps">pendidikan Eropa</span> <span class="hps">yang lebih tinggi</span>
<span class="hps">melalui</span> <span class="hps">Abad Pertengahan,</span> <span class="hps">Jrivium</span> <span class="hps">(</span>tata bahasa, <span class="hps">retorika
dan</span> <span class="hps">dialektika</span>) <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">quadrivium</span> <span class="hps">(</span>aritmatika, <span class="hps">geometri</span>, <span class="hps">astronomi</span> <span class="hps">dan
musik</span>) <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">pengaruh</span> <span class="hps">kuat pada</span> <span class="hps">education.Towards</span> <span class="hps">tinggi</span> <span class="hps">akhir</span> <span class="hps">abad ke-19</span>,
<span class="hps">Komite</span>. <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">Sepuluh</span>
<span class="hps">di</span> <span class="hps">Amerika Serikat</span> <span class="hps">direkomendasikan</span> <span class="hps">'</span>Yunani, Inggris,
modern <span class="hps">bahasa</span>, <span class="hps">fisika dan astronomi</span>,
<span class="hps">kimia</span>, <span class="hps">sejarah alam</span>, <span class="hps">sejarah</span>, <span class="hps">dan geografi</span> <span class="hps">sebagai
dasar</span> <span class="hps">dari kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">umum untuk</span>
<span class="hps">sekolah-sekolah AS</span> <span class="hps">sekunder (</span>Ballantyne
<span class="hps">2002)</span> <span class="hps">.</span> <span class="hps">Dalam</span>
<span class="hps">setiap kasus</span>, <span class="hps">contoh</span> <span class="hps">sebelumnya</span> <span class="hps">menunjukkan bagaimana</span> <span class="hps">masyarakat yang berbeda</span> <span class="hps">pada waktu yang
berbeda</span> <span class="hps">telah menempatkan</span> <span class="hps">nilai
pada</span> <span class="hps">beberapa jenis</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan.</span>
<span class="hps">Apa</span> <span class="hps">formulasi ini</span> <span class="hps">berbeda dari</span> <span class="hps">'</span>pelajaran <span class="hps">penting</span>' <span class="hps">memiliki kesamaan</span>? <span class="hps">Ada tiga</span> <span class="hps">poin yang dapat</span> <span class="hps">dilakukan</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Titik</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">pertama yang harus diperhatikan</span> <span class="hps">adalah bahwa</span>
<span class="hps">konsepsi</span> <span class="hps">penting</span>. <span class="hps">Pembelajaran</span> <span class="hps">*</span> <span class="hps">mencerminkan</span>
<span class="hps">pengetahuan budaya</span>. <span class="hps">Dihargai</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">tertanam</span> <span class="hps">di
masing-masing</span> <span class="hps">masyarakat yang berbeda</span> <span class="hps">disebut</span> <span class="hps">berlawanan</span>. <span class="hps">Bahwa</span>
<span class="hps">konsepsi</span> <span class="hps">masing-masing berbeda</span> <span class="hps">mencerminkan</span> <span class="hps">realitas</span> <span class="hps">budaya
dan</span> <span class="hps">norma-norma</span> <span class="hps">budaya</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">lokal daripada</span><span class="atn">-</span>universal.
<span class="hps">Setiap</span> <span class="hps">konsepsi</span> <span class="hps">juga</span>
<span class="hps">tegas</span> <span class="hps">terletak</span> <span class="hps">dalam
waktu</span>, <span class="hps">mencerminkan</span> <span class="hps">dimensi lain</span>
<span class="hps">yang mempengaruhi</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">masyarakat</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">percaya</span>
<span class="hps">adalah penting</span>. <span class="hps">Apa</span> <span class="hps">konsepsi</span> <span class="hps">masing-masing memiliki</span> <span class="hps">kesamaan</span>, <span class="hps">bagaimanapun, adalah</span> <span class="hps">fungsi</span> <span class="hps">memulai</span> <span class="hps">pendidikan</span>
<span class="hps">dimana</span> <span class="hps">pendidikan</span> <span class="hps">'</span>terdiri <span class="hps">dalam mengawali</span> <span class="hps">orang lain</span> <span class="hps">ke dalam kegiatan</span>, <span class="hps">mode</span> <span class="hps">perilaku</span> <span class="hps">dan</span>
<span class="hps">pemikiran</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">memiliki
standar</span> <span class="hps">ditulis</span> <span class="hps">ke mereka</span> <span class="hps">oleh</span> <span class="hps">~</span> <span class="hps">referenee</span>
<span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">dimungkinkan</span> <span class="hps">untuk bertindak</span>, <span class="hps">berpikir,</span> <span class="hps">dan merasa</span> <span class="hps">dengan berbagai tingkat</span> <span class="hps">keterampilan</span>, <span class="hps">relevansi</span>, <span class="hps">dan rasa</span> <span class="hps">'</span><span class="atn">(</span>Peters
<span class="hps">1964,</span> <span class="hps">hal.41</span>). <span class="hps">Semua</span>
<span class="hps">masyarakat</span> <span class="hps">berusaha untuk</span> <span class="hps">memulai</span> <span class="hps">muda dan</span> <span class="hps">pembelajaran</span>
<span class="hps">identifikasi</span> <span class="hps">of'essential</span> <span class="hps">'</span>dihargai <span class="hps">oleh orang-orang</span> <span class="hps">masyarakat</span> <span class="hps">adalah cara</span> <span class="hps">utama</span>
<span class="hps">doingjhis</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Namun</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">tidak ada yang</span> <span class="hps">intrinsik</span> <span class="hps">tentang</span> <span class="hps">lintas</span><span class="atn">-</span>budaya
<span class="hps">formulasi</span>. <span class="hps">Mereka</span>, <span class="hps">di</span> <span class="hps">(1997)</span> <span class="hps">Goodson</span>
<span class="hps">ini</span> <span class="hps">istilah</span>, <span class="hps">konstruksi
sosial</span> <span class="hps">yang mencerminkan</span> <span class="hps">nilai-nilai</span>,
<span class="hps">politik dan</span> <span class="hps">hubungan kekuasaan</span> <span class="hps">pada titik-titik</span> <span class="hps">waktu tertentu</span>. <span class="hps">Mereka</span> <span class="hps">muncul</span> <span class="hps">di ranah</span>
<span class="hps">publik ketika</span> <span class="hps">mereka yang berkuasa</span>
<span class="hps">mendukung</span> <span class="hps">mereka dan</span> <span class="hps">mereka tetap</span> <span class="hps">konseptualisasi</span> <span class="hps">yang dominan</span> <span class="hps">selama mereka</span> <span class="hps">terus begitu</span> <span class="hps">disahkan</span>. <span class="hps">Penting</span>
<span class="hps">untuk dicatat bahwa</span> <span class="hps">tidak ada</span> <span class="hps">formulasi</span> <span class="hps">digariskan</span> <span class="hps">punya
mata uang</span> <span class="hps">setiap</span> <span class="hps">hari</span> <span class="hps">di</span> <span class="hps">masing-masing</span> <span class="hps">kosa</span>
<span class="hps">juris</span>. <span class="hps">Pemukiman</span> <span class="hps">tentang
apa yang</span> <span class="hps">merupakan</span> <span class="hps">'</span>pelajaran
<span class="hps">penting</span> <span class="hps">dalam</span> <span class="hps">setiap
masyarakat</span> <span class="hps">hanya itu</span><span class="atn">-</span>perjanjian
<span class="hps">pada</span> <span class="hps">titik waktu</span> <span class="hps">yang</span>
<span class="hps">dapat berubah</span> <span class="hps">sebagai nilai-nilai</span>
<span class="hps">masyarakat</span>, <span class="hps">prioritas</span> <span class="hps">dan perubahan</span> <span class="hps">politik</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hal ini
juga</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">jelas dari</span> <span class="hps">contoh</span>
<span class="hps">terlihat</span> <span class="hps">bahwa</span> <span class="hps">pembelajaran</span>
<span class="hps">penting</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">tidak
dirancang</span> <span class="hps">untuk semua orang</span> <span class="hps">dalam</span>
<span class="hps">masyarakat</span> <span class="hps">mereka</span> <span class="hps">masing-masing</span> <span class="hps">dirancang untuk</span> <span class="hps">hanya</span> <span class="hps">beberapa anggota</span> <span class="hps">masyarakat
itu.</span> <span class="hps">Ini</span> <span class="hps">merupakan indikasi bahwa</span>
<span class="hps">penentuan</span> <span class="hps">pelajaran</span> <span class="hps">penting</span> <span class="hps">tidak selalu merupakan</span> <span class="hps">proses yang</span> <span class="hps">tertarik</span> <span class="hps">atau</span>
<span class="hps">tugas</span> <span class="hps">akademik</span> <span class="hps">yang
sederhana</span>. <span class="hps">Pemilihan</span> <span class="hps">jenis</span>
<span class="hps">spesifik pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">selalu</span> <span class="hps">dibuat</span> <span class="hps">untuk kepentingan</span> <span class="hps">kelompok tertentu</span>. <span class="hps">Ini biasanya</span> <span class="hps">kelompok</span> <span class="hps">elit</span> <span class="hps">dalam
masyarakat mana pun</span> <span class="hps">mereka yang</span> <span class="hps">istimewa
oleh</span> <span class="hps">status sosial</span> <span class="hps">atau ekonomi</span>.
<span class="hps">Pendidikan mereka</span> <span class="hps">dimaksudkan untuk</span>
<span class="hps">membekali</span> <span class="hps">mereka untuk mengambil</span> <span class="hps">peran mereka dalam</span> <span class="hps">'</span>pelajaran <span class="hps">penting</span>' <span class="hps">masyarakat dan</span> <span class="hps">akan</span> <span class="hps">menjadi salah satu sarana</span> <span class="hps">melantik</span> <span class="hps">mereka</span>. <span class="hps">Pada
saat yang sama</span> <span class="hps">pelajaran</span> <span class="hps">penting</span>
<span class="hps">juga akan berfungsi</span> <span class="hps">untuk mengikat</span>
<span class="hps">bersama-sama</span> <span class="hps">para elit</span>, <span class="hps">karena mereka</span> <span class="hps">akan</span> <span class="hps">memiliki
akses ke</span> <span class="hps">pemahaman</span> <span class="hps">umum dan</span>
<span class="hps">cara-cara</span> <span class="hps">menafsirkan</span> <span class="hps">dunia di sekitar mereka</span>. <span class="hps">Definisi</span> <span class="hps">pelajaran</span> <span class="hps">penting</span> <span class="hps">melayani</span>
<span class="hps">tujuan</span> <span class="hps">sosial yang signifikan</span> <span class="hps">dan sering</span> <span class="hps">tujuan ini</span> <span class="hps">dirancang
untuk</span> <span class="hps">mengecualikan beberapa</span> <span class="hps">hak
istimewa</span> <span class="hps">dan lain-lain</span>. <span class="hps">Pelajaran</span>
<span class="hps">penting</span> <span class="hps">tidak pernah</span> <span class="hps">netral terhadap</span> <span class="hps">kelompok-kelompok sosial</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bersama-sama</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, <span class="hps">tiga poin</span> <span class="hps">membantu menjelaskan mengapa</span> <span class="hps">ada semacam</span> <span class="hps">hubungan yang kuat antara</span> <span class="hps">mata pelajaran</span> <span class="hps">sekolah dan</span> <span class="hps">disiplin akademis</span>. <span class="hps">Seperti</span> <span class="hps">Gardner</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">Boix</span><span class="atn">-</span>Mansilla <span class="hps">(1994</span>, <span class="hps">p</span>.
<span class="hps">199</span>) <span class="hps">telah menunjukkan</span>, <span class="hps">seratus</span> <span class="hps">tahun yang lalu</span> <span class="hps">bentuk pembelaan terhadap</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span> <span class="hps">telah benar-benar</span> <span class="hps">tidak perlu</span>. <span class="hps">Pada</span> <span class="hps">saat itu</span>, <span class="hps">sebagai
sistem</span> <span class="hps">pendidikan</span> <span class="hps">missal</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sedang</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">dikembangkan</span> <span class="hps">di
negara-negara</span> <span class="hps">Barat</span> <span class="hps">kebanyakan</span>,
pencarian <span class="hps">kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">handal dan</span> <span class="hps">koheren yang</span> <span class="hps">terbaik akan</span> <span class="hps">melayani</span> <span class="hps">tujuan</span> <span class="hps">ekonomi
industri</span> <span class="hps">berfokus</span> <span class="hps">tidak wajar</span>
<span class="hps">pada</span> <span class="hps">bentuk-bentuk</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">paling
banyak</span> <span class="hps">dikenal</span>. <span class="hps">Dengan demikian</span>,
<span class="hps">di Amerika Serikat</span> <span class="hps">Panitia</span> <span class="hps">Sepuluh</span>, <span class="hps">seperti ditunjukkan</span> <span class="hps">sebelumnya</span>, <span class="hps">V</span> <span class="hps">direkomendasikan</span>
<span class="hps">kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">bagi sekolah</span> <span class="hps">tinggi AS</span> <span class="hps">yang berisi</span> <span class="hps">keseimbangan</span>
<span class="hps">disiplin</span> <span class="hps">lama dan baru</span>. <span class="hps">Ini</span> <span class="hps">penyelesaian</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span>
<span class="hps">ditantang</span> <span class="hps">sepanjang</span> <span class="hps">abad ke-20</span> <span class="hps">dengan</span> <span class="hps">perbedaan</span>
<span class="hps">konsepsi</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">dan oleh</span> <span class="hps">pemikiran</span> <span class="hps">baru
tentang</span> <span class="hps">epistemologi</span> <span class="hps">dalam</span>
<span class="hps">sciences.Yet</span> <span class="hps">sosial</span> <span class="hps">hubungan antara</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum sekolah</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span> <span class="hps">akademis</span>
<span class="hps">telah menjadi</span> <span class="hps">salah satu</span> <span class="hps">kekal dan</span> <span class="hps">pendukungnya</span> <span class="hps">muncul</span>
<span class="hps">sepanjang</span> <span class="hps">abad ke-20</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">ke abad 21</span>. <span class="hps">Ini</span>
<span class="hps">kontestasi antara</span> <span class="hps">advokat dari</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span> <span class="hps">akademik dan</span> <span class="hps">pendukung</span>
<span class="hps">konsepsi</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">lain akan</span> <span class="hps">menjadi fokus</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">bagian berikut</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sosial dan politik</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">aspek dari</span> <span class="hps">mata pelajaran</span> <span class="hps">sekolah dan</span> <span class="hps">disiplin akademis</span></span></b><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Martin</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">(1993)</span> <span class="hps">telah menunjukkan</span> <span class="hps">bahwa ada</span> <span class="hps">asumsi implisit</span> <span class="hps">bahwa kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">adalah cermin</span> <span class="hps">dihidupkan</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">'</span><span class="atn">(</span>p.111). <span class="hps">Ini adalah</span> <span class="hps">asumsi</span>
<span class="hps">bahwa ia</span> <span class="hps">mengkritik</span> <span class="hps">untuk menunjukkan</span> <span class="hps">bahwa</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">sekolah dan</span> <span class="hps">pembuatannya</span>
<span class="hps">harus menjadi</span> <span class="hps">proses yang jauh lebih</span>
<span class="hps">aktif daripada</span> <span class="hps">metafora</span> <span class="hps">cermin</span> <span class="hps">akan menyarankan</span>. <span class="hps">Dia berpendapat</span> <span class="hps">bahwa</span> <span class="hps">di
Amerika Serikat</span> <span class="hps">itu jauh</span> <span class="hps">lebih
penting</span> <span class="hps">untuk memiliki</span> <span class="hps">satu
kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">pemersatu</span> <span class="hps">yang
mengembangkan</span> <span class="hps">ikatan</span> <span class="hps">kekerabatan</span>:?
<span class="hps">antara anak perempuan dan</span> <span class="hps">anak laki-laki</span>
<span class="hps">dari berbagai ras</span>, <span class="hps">kelas sosial</span>, <span class="hps">etnis</span> <span class="hps">jauh lebih banyak daripada</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">terpadu</span> <span class="hps">(</span>hal.
<span class="hps">i27</span>). <span class="hps">Yang penting untuk</span> <span class="hps">dicatat tentang</span> <span class="hps">pandangannya</span> <span class="hps">adalah bahwa hal itu</span> <span class="hps">merupakan</span> <span class="hps">pandangan</span> <span class="hps">sosial</span> <span class="hps">tujuan</span>
<span class="hps">kurikulum dan</span> <span class="hps">karena itu pandangan</span>
<span class="hps">yang tidak</span> <span class="hps">tidak</span> <span class="hps">hanya
mengacu</span> <span class="hps">pada</span> <span class="hps">disiplin akademis</span>
<span class="hps">kecuali</span> <span class="hps">sebanyak yang mereka</span> <span class="hps">mungkin berkontribusi</span> <span class="hps">terhadap</span> <span class="hps">tujuan</span> <span class="hps">sosial</span> <span class="hps">sekolah</span>.
<span class="hps">Artinya</span>, <span class="hps">dari sudut pandang sosial</span>
<span class="hps">kurikulum sekolah</span> <span class="hps">bukan hanya tentang</span>
<span class="hps">transmisi</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">tetapi melayani</span> <span class="hps">tujuan</span> <span class="hps">yang
lebih luas</span> <span class="hps">yang menuntut</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span>
<span class="hps">yang lebih luas</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Terkait
dengan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">pandangan</span> <span class="hps">dari</span>
<span class="hps">kurikulum</span>, <span class="hps">dan dalam beberapa hal</span>
<span class="hps">memberikan</span> <span class="hps">alasan</span> <span class="hps">akademis</span> <span class="hps">untuk itu</span>, <span class="hps">telah</span>
<span class="hps">perkembangan</span> <span class="hps">dalam</span> <span class="hps">kemanusiaan dan</span> <span class="hps">ilmu-ilmu</span> <span class="hps">sosial yang</span> <span class="hps">telah</span> <span class="hps">mempertanyakan</span>
<span class="hps">dasar</span> <span class="hps">epistemologis</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span> <span class="hps">itu
sendiri</span>. <span class="hps">The</span> <span class="hps">mirrormiyaphor</span>
<span class="hps">dari kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">^</span> <span class="hps">mengasumsikan</span>
<span class="hps">bahwa ada</span> <span class="hps">badan</span> <span class="hps">tak
terbantahkan</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">dalam
disiplin</span> <span class="hps">akademis</span> <span class="hps">yang dapat
dengan mudah</span> <span class="hps">diterjemahkan</span> <span class="hps">ke
dalam kurikulum</span>. <span class="hps">Sekolah</span>. <span class="hps">Namun</span>
<span class="hps">sepanjang</span> <span class="hps">keilmuan</span> <span class="hps">abad ke-20</span> <span class="hps">dalam banyak disiplin</span>, <span class="hps">termasuk filsafat</span>, <span class="hps">telah</span> <span class="hps">mempertanyakan</span> <span class="hps">asumsi semacam itu</span>. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Best</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">Kellner</span> <span class="hps">(1997)</span> <span class="hps">telah</span>
<span class="hps">begini</span>:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanpa</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">memperdebatkan</span> <span class="hps">manfaat</span> <span class="hps">atau
sebaliknya</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">beasiswa ini</span>
<span class="hps">postmodernis</span>, <span class="hps">titik</span> <span class="hps">penting untuk dicatat</span> <span class="hps">adalah bahwa</span> <span class="hps">akademik</span><span class="atn">-</span>disiplin <span class="hps">sendiri</span>
<span class="hps">tidak lagi</span> <span class="hps">batu</span><span class="atn">-</span>padat
<span class="hps">konstruksi</span> <span class="hps">bahwa mereka sering</span> <span class="hps">dibuat menjadi</span>. <span class="hps">Pada</span> <span class="hps">saat
yang sama</span>, <span class="hps">disiplin ilmu ini</span> <span class="hps">tidak</span>
<span class="hps">mungkin dalam ancaman</span> <span class="hps">sebanyak</span> <span class="hps">postmodernis</span> <span class="hps">menegaskan</span>. <span class="hps">Namun demikian</span>, <span class="hps">memang benar bahwa</span> <span class="hps">di daerah-daerah</span> <span class="hps">seperti</span> <span class="hps">Sejarah</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">Sastra</span>
<span class="hps">ada fokus</span> <span class="hps">yang lebih besar</span> <span class="hps">pada aspek</span> <span class="hps">sosial</span> <span class="hps">dibangun</span>
<span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">disiplin ilmu ini</span>. <span class="hps">Sejarah</span>, misalnya, <span class="hps">tidak lagi</span> <span class="hps">dilihat oleh</span> <span class="hps">banyak sejarawan</span> <span class="hps">sebagai</span> <span class="hps">narasi</span> <span class="hps">tunggal</span>
<span class="hps">cerita</span> <span class="hps">nasional</span> <span class="hps">melainkan
sebagai</span> <span class="hps">beberapa cerita</span> <span class="hps">yang
mencerminkan</span> <span class="hps">suara yang berbeda</span> <span class="hps">masing-masing</span>
<span class="hps">berusaha</span> <span class="hps">untuk didengarkan</span> <span class="hps">dalam</span> <span class="hps">menceritakan</span> <span class="hps">kisah</span>
<span class="hps">nasional</span>. <span class="hps">Sastra</span>, <span class="hps">dalam</span> <span class="hps">nada yang sama</span>, <span class="hps">mungkin
tidak</span> <span class="hps">begitu banyak tentang</span> <span class="hps">'</span>buku
<span class="hps">besar'</span> <span class="hps">seperti tentang</span> <span class="hps">aspirasi</span> <span class="hps">individu</span> <span class="hps">tercermin
dalam</span> <span class="hps">berbagai</span> <span class="hps">tulisan yang</span>
<span class="hps">memberikan suara kepada</span> <span class="hps">pengalaman hidup</span>
<span class="hps">individu dan kelompok</span> <span class="hps">yang jarang</span>
<span class="hps">menemukan jalan</span> <span class="hps">mereka ke dalam</span> <span class="hps">'</span>buku <span class="hps">besar</span>' <span class="hps">orientasi</span>
<span class="hps">sosial yang lebih luas</span> <span class="hps">dari disiplin
ilmu</span> <span class="hps">yang dimilikinya.</span> <span class="hps">implikasi
yang signifikan bagi</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span>, <span class="hps">seperti
yang ditunjukkan</span> <span class="hps">di atas oleh</span> <span class="hps">Martin</span>
<span class="hps">(1993)</span> <span class="hps">dan mereka</span> <span class="hps">implikasi</span> <span class="hps">yang jauh melampaui</span> <span class="hps">pilihan</span> <span class="hps">sederhana tentang</span> <span class="hps">isi kurikulum</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Visi</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">postmodernis</span> <span class="hps">bagi masyarakat</span> <span class="hps">pada umumnya</span> <span class="hps">memiliki implikasi</span> <span class="hps">untuk kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">sekolah</span> <span class="hps">semacam itu</span> <span class="hps">akan dibutuhkan</span> <span class="hps">untuk mendukungnya</span>. <span class="hps">Gairah</span> <span class="hps">dalam argumen</span> <span class="hps">modernis</span> <span class="hps">pasca</span>
<span class="hps">telah muncul</span> <span class="hps">persuasif kepada</span> <span class="hps">banyak pendidik</span>, <span class="hps">tapi bagaimana</span> <span class="hps">sukses</span> <span class="hps">itu telah</span> <span class="hps">dalam
mempengaruhi</span> <span class="hps">pelajaran sekolah</span> <span class="hps">dan
organisasi</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span>? <span class="hps">Secara umum</span>
<span class="hps">dapat</span> <span class="hps">dikatakan</span> <span class="hps">bahwa</span>
<span class="hps">disiplin akademik</span> <span class="hps">terus menjadi</span> <span class="hps">istimewa dan</span> <span class="hps">diwujudkan dalam</span> <span class="hps">bentuk-bentuk baru</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">organisasi</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">seperti
standar</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">statemen</span> <span class="hps">hasil</span> <span class="hps">Namun</span> <span class="hps">argumen
yang mendukung</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span> <span class="hps">akademik</span>
<span class="hps">kali tidak seragam</span> <span class="hps">koheren</span>. <span class="hps">Sekarang masih</span> <span class="hps">meninjau beberapa</span> <span class="hps">dari mereka</span> <span class="hps">argumen</span> <span class="hps">dan
mengevaluasi</span> <span class="hps">kegunaannya</span> <span class="hps">berlanjut
di</span> <span class="hps">abad ke-21</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perspektif</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">tentang</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span> <span class="hps">akademis dan</span> <span class="hps">pelajaran
sekolah</span></span></b><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak
ada</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">satu perspektif</span> <span class="hps">tunggal
atau</span> <span class="hps">pandangan</span> <span class="hps">filosofis</span> <span class="hps">tentang hubungan antara</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span> <span class="hps">akademis dan</span> <span class="hps">pelajaran sekolah</span>. <span class="hps">Sebaliknya</span>, <span class="hps">ada</span> <span class="hps">beberapa</span>
<span class="hps">persectives</span> <span class="hps">selama</span> <span class="hps">setengah</span> <span class="hps">jast</span> <span class="hps">dari</span>
<span class="hps">abad ke-20</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">perdebatan</span>
<span class="hps">telah</span> <span class="hps">secara</span> <span class="hps">luas
mulai</span>. <span class="hps">Ada</span> <span class="hps">Hutchins</span> <span class="hps">'</span>(1995) <span class="hps">pernyataan bahwa</span> <span class="hps">ada</span> <span class="hps">seperangkat</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan</span>
<span class="hps">untuk semua</span>, <span class="hps">terlepas dari</span> <span class="hps">budaya</span>, <span class="hps">Hirsts</span> <span class="hps">(1974)</span>
<span class="hps">melihat</span> <span class="hps">bahwa</span> <span class="hps">disiplin
akademik</span> <span class="hps">mewakili</span> <span class="hps">bentuk</span> <span class="hps">yang berbeda</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan</span>
<span class="hps">bahwa pendidikan</span> <span class="hps">liberal</span> <span class="hps">didukung</span>, <span class="hps">Bruner</span> <span class="hps">promosi</span>
<span class="hps">struktur</span> <span class="hps">akademis</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span>, <span class="hps">Hirsc</span> <span class="hps">(1987)</span>
<span class="hps">argumen</span> <span class="hps">melek</span> <span class="hps">budaya</span>,
dukungan <span class="hps">Shulman</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">pelatihan</span> <span class="hps">subyek</span> <span class="hps">guru
dan</span> <span class="hps">dukungan</span> <span class="hps">ini</span> <span class="hps">Gardner</span> <span class="hps">(1999)</span> <span class="hps">dari</span>
<span class="hps">pendekatan</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span> <span class="hps">berbasis</span> <span class="hps">pengajaran yang inovatif</span>. <span class="hps">Luasnya</span> <span class="hps">argumen ini</span> <span class="hps">tidak
dapat</span> <span class="hps">diperdebatkan</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">mencerminkan baik</span>. <span class="hps">intensitas dan</span> <span class="hps">sifat</span> <span class="hps">abadi</span> <span class="hps">perdebatan</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Martin</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">(1994)</span> <span class="hps">berpendapat</span> <span class="hps">tidak
begitu banyak</span> <span class="hps">terhadap</span> <span class="hps">disiplin
akademik</span> <span class="hps">memiliki</span> <span class="hps">peran sentral</span>
<span class="hps">dalam kaitannya dengan</span> <span class="hps">pelajaran sekolah</span>
<span class="hps">sebagai melawan</span> <span class="hps">mereka menjadi</span> <span class="hps">pengalaman</span> <span class="hps">total atau</span> <span class="hps">siswa</span>.
<span class="hps">Ini</span> <span class="hps">merupakan</span> <span class="hps">argumen</span>
<span class="hps">penting karena</span> <span class="hps">menimbulkan</span> <span class="hps">titik tentang</span> <span class="hps">jenis</span> <span class="hps">lain
jika</span> <span class="hps">pengalaman</span> <span class="hps">yang tidak</span>
<span class="hps">disiplin</span> <span class="hps">terkait</span>. <span class="hps">Sebuah komponen kunci dari</span> <span class="hps">saat</span> <span class="hps">reformasi</span> <span class="hps">pendidikan Australia</span>, <span class="hps">misalnya</span>, <span class="hps">nilai</span> <span class="hps">pendidikan</span>
<span class="hps">yang ada</span> <span class="hps">sekarang</span> <span class="hps">kerangka</span> <span class="hps">Nasional</span>. <span class="hps">Dengan
demikian</span>, <span class="hps">itu bukan</span> <span class="hps">kasus</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span> <span class="hps">hanya</span> <span class="hps">mempengaruhi</span>
<span class="hps">mata pelajaran sekolah</span>. <span class="hps">Dalam</span> <span class="hps">formulasi</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">mdern</span>
<span class="hps">sering ada</span> <span class="hps">campuran</span> <span class="hps">terampil</span> <span class="hps">unsur lain</span> <span class="hps">bahwa</span>
<span class="hps">digunakan untuk</span> <span class="hps">menanamkan</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan cara yang sama</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, <span class="hps">(1993)</span> <span class="hps">advokasi</span> <span class="hps">Pring</span>
<span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">pendidikan kejuruan</span> <span class="hps">tidak benar-benar</span> <span class="hps">pertama-tama harus</span> <span class="hps">membuktikan</span> <span class="hps">(1974)</span> <span class="hps">gosong</span>
<span class="hps">argumen</span> <span class="hps">tentang</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span>
<span class="hps">sebagai</span> <span class="hps">DRMS</span> <span class="hps">dasar</span>
<span class="hps">pengalaman manusia</span>. <span class="hps">Sebaliknya</span>, <span class="hps">pendidikan kejuruan</span> <span class="hps">merupakan kegiatan</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">wort</span> <span class="hps">sementara</span>
<span class="hps">dalam dirinya sendiri</span>, karena itu <span class="hps">bisa</span>
<span class="hps">duduk di samping</span> <span class="hps">mata pelajaran sekolah</span>
<span class="hps">dipengaruhi oleh</span> <span class="hps">disdiplines</span> <span class="hps">akademik</span> <span class="hps">seperti halnya sekarang</span> <span class="hps">di sebagian</span> <span class="hps">juris</span> <span class="hps">kosa</span>
<span class="hps">Negara</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">Wilayah</span>.
<span class="hps">Hal ini tidak</span> <span class="hps">baik</span> <span class="hps">cademic</span> <span class="hps">'atau</span>' <span class="hps">kejuruan</span>
<span class="hps">'</span>pembelajaran <span class="hps">dalam</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum sekolah</span>, <span class="hps">namun keduanya</span>. <span class="hps">Hal ini</span> <span class="hps">tidak benar</span>) <span class="hps">menganggap
kasus</span> <span class="hps">bahwa belajar</span> <span class="hps">akademik</span>
<span class="hps">bagi siswa</span> <span class="hps">sangat cerah dan</span> <span class="hps">arning</span> <span class="hps">kejuruan</span> <span class="hps">bagi
siswa</span><span class="atn">-</span>baik <span class="hps">kurang terang</span> <span class="hps">kelompok siswa</span> <span class="hps">bisa mendapatkan keuntungan
dari</span> <span class="hps">sinar</span> <span class="hps">yang berbeda</span> <span class="hps">mengalami</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span>.<span class="hps"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mempertanyakan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">ofthe</span> <span class="hps">B.</span> <span class="hps">Connell</span>
<span class="hps">substansi</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum inti</span> <span class="hps">ofthe</span> <span class="hps">menimbulkan</span> <span class="hps">impor</span>:
<span class="hps">pertanyaan tentang</span> <span class="hps">sifat</span> <span class="hps">kebudayaan</span> <span class="hps">sebagai</span> <span class="hps">suatu
konstruksi</span>. <span class="hps">Teori</span> <span class="hps">awal</span> <span class="hps">telah</span> <span class="hps">diasumsikan</span> <span class="hps">t</span>
<span class="hps">ada budaya</span> <span class="hps">umum dan</span> <span class="hps">seperangkat makna</span> <span class="hps">bahwa semua</span> <span class="hps">warga</span> <span class="hps">share.Yet</span> <span class="hps"><</span>baru-baru
ini <span class="hps">w</span> <span class="hps">di bidang</span> <span class="hps">teori
sosial</span> <span class="hps">telah</span> <span class="hps">meragukan</span> <span class="hps">budaya sebagai</span> <span class="hps">konstruk</span> <span class="hps">kesatuan</span>. <span class="hps">Disposisi</span> <span class="hps">teoritis</span>
<span class="hps">th</span> <span class="hps">telah</span> <span class="hps">diambil
oleh</span> <span class="hps">pendidik</span> <span class="hps">seperti</span> <span class="hps">Gilbert</span> <span class="hps">(1993)</span>, <span class="hps">Sii</span>
<span class="hps">(1993) dan</span> <span class="hps">Foster</span> <span class="hps">(1997)</span>, <span class="hps">ofwhom</span> <span class="hps">semua
telah</span> <span class="hps">menunjuk</span> <span class="hps">keragaman budaya</span>
<span class="hps">sebagai impuls</span> <span class="hps">signific</span> <span class="hps">dalam masyarakat modern</span>. <span class="hps">Terhadap</span> <span class="hps">latar belakang ini</span>, <span class="hps">ide-ide</span> <span class="hps">learnii</span> <span class="hps">about'essential</span> <span class="hps">menjadi lebih</span> <span class="hps">diperebutkan</span> <span class="hps">sebagai</span> <span class="hps">kesamaan</span> <span class="hps">dipandang</span>
<span class="hps">mengabaikan</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">dev</span>;
<span class="hps">keberagaman</span>. <span class="hps">Namun sebagai</span> <span class="hps">Kennedy</span> <span class="hps">(1997</span>, <span class="hps">p.ix</span>)
<span class="hps">telah menunjukkan</span>, <span class="hps">jika ada</span> <span class="hps">akan ada</span> <span class="hps">perayaan</span> <span class="hps">penyebab</span>
<span class="hps">di masa depan</span>, <span class="hps">maka akan diperlukan</span>
<span class="hps">bagi individu</span> <span class="hps">dan kelompok untuk</span> <span class="hps">diri mereka sendiri</span> <span class="hps">sebagai bagian</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">seluruh masyarakat</span> <span class="hps">sementara pada</span> <span class="hps">saat yang sama juga</span> <span class="hps">mereka</span> <span class="hps">maintaii</span> <span class="hps">khas</span>
<span class="hps">nilai-nilai</span> <span class="hps">dan budaya</span>. <span class="hps">Dalam</span> <span class="hps">waktu yang sangat</span> <span class="hps">baru-baru ini</span>, <span class="hps">dengan</span> <span class="hps">demonisin</span>
<span class="hps">kelompok tertentu</span> <span class="hps">agama di</span> <span class="hps">masyarakat</span>, <span class="hps">dan khususnya</span> <span class="hps">umat Islam</span>, <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">necessit</span><br />
<span class="hps">menghormati</span> <span class="hps">baik</span> <span class="hps">keragaman
dan</span> <span class="hps">nilai-nilai bersama</span> <span class="hps">telah
menjadi</span> <span class="hps">semua lebih</span> <span class="hps">diperlukan</span>.
<span class="hps">Jika ini</span> <span class="hps">jenis</span> <span class="hps">pluralisme</span>
<span class="hps">budaya tidak</span> <span class="hps">dapat dikelola</span> <span class="hps">di masa depan</span>, <span class="hps">Australia</span> <span class="hps">berada pada</span> <span class="hps">risiko berakhir</span> <span class="hps">dengan</span> <span class="hps">masyarakat yang</span> <span class="hps">secara
sosial</span> <span class="hps">terfragmentasi</span> <span class="hps">dengan
semua</span> <span class="hps">problems.Thus</span> <span class="hps">petugas</span>
<span class="hps">nya</span>, <span class="hps">di masa depan</span>, mungkin <span class="hps">'</span>pelajaran <span class="hps">penting</span>' <span class="hps">harus
secara eksplisit</span> <span class="hps">didefinisikan oleh</span> <span class="hps">apa yang</span> <span class="hps">semua warga Australia</span> <span class="hps">akan</span> <span class="hps">perlu tahu</span>, <span class="hps">dapat
melakukan</span> <span class="hps">dan nilai</span> <span class="hps">untuk
mempertahankan</span> <span class="hps">masyarakat yang adil</span>, <span class="hps">toleran</span>, <span class="hps">adil dan</span> <span class="hps">beragam
secara budaya</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dapatkah</span></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">'</span></b></span><span class="alt-edited"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">esensial</span></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">pembelajaran</span></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">' </span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">melayani</span></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">keberagaman</span></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">?</span></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pembahasan
di atas</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">telah berusaha untuk</span> <span class="hps">menunjukkan bahwa</span> <span class="hps">ada pandangan</span> <span class="hps">baru dari</span> <span class="hps">disiplin</span> <span class="hps">akademik
yang</span> <span class="hps">membuka ruang</span> <span class="hps">dalam
kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">sekolah untuk</span> <span class="hps">berpikir
tentang</span> <span class="hps">kebutuhan siswa</span> <span class="hps">dengan
cara yang berbeda</span> <span class="hps">daripada yang</span> <span class="hps">telah
terjadi</span> <span class="hps">di masa lalu</span>. <span class="hps">Hal ini</span>
<span class="hps">tidak lagi menjadi</span>: <span class="hps">ase</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">'tubuh</span> <span class="hps">tunggal</span>
<span class="hps">pengetahuan</span>' <span class="hps">untuk semua siswa</span>, <span class="hps">karena</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan itu sendiri</span> <span class="hps">bahwa</span> <span class="hps">las</span> <span class="hps">datang di
bawah</span> <span class="hps">pengawasan</span> <span class="hps">terbesar dalam</span>
<span class="hps">masa</span> <span class="hps">postmodern</span>. <span class="hps">The</span>
<span class="hps">urriculum</span> <span class="hps">sekolah</span>, <span class="hps">oleh karena itu,</span> <span class="hps">dapat digunakan untuk</span> <span class="hps">memenuhi kebutuhan</span> <span class="hps">semua siswa</span> <span class="hps">karena</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">yang
berbeda</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">keterampilan</span> <span class="hps">dapat</span> <span class="hps">digunakan</span> <span class="hps">dalam
konteks yang berbeda</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">untuk
tujuan yang berbeda</span>, n <span class="hps">pengertian ini</span>, <span class="hps">'</span>pelajaran <span class="hps">esensial</span>' <span class="hps">dapat
dilihat</span> <span class="hps">sebagai jaminan</span> <span class="hps">dasar
bahwa semua</span> <span class="hps">siswa</span> <span class="hps">akan</span> <span class="hps">ave</span> <span class="hps">akses ke</span> <span class="hps">disepakati</span>
<span class="hps">set</span> <span class="hps">learnings.They</span> <span class="hps">akan</span>, <span class="hps">tentu saja</span>, <span class="hps">memiliki
akses ke</span> <span class="hps">lebih dari</span> <span class="hps">pelajaran</span>
<span class="hps">esensial</span> <span class="hps">le</span>, <span class="hps">dan</span>
<span class="hps">persis apa</span> <span class="hps">ini mungkin</span> <span class="hps">akan ditentukan</span> <span class="hps">secara lokal</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">ased</span> <span class="hps">pada
ekspektasi</span> <span class="hps">masyarakat dan</span> <span class="hps">kebutuhan
siswa</span>. <span class="hps">Lawton</span> <span class="hps">(1973)</span> <span class="hps">menyimpulkan</span> <span class="hps">pendekatan ini</span> <span class="hps">dengan baik</span>:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">semua
orang untuk</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">tingkat yang sama</span>, <span class="hps">tetapi untuk</span> <span class="hps">memastikan bahwa</span> <span class="hps">setiap orang memiliki</span> <span class="hps">|</span>, <span class="hps">peluang</span> <span class="hps">akses ke</span> <span class="hps">jenis
yang sama</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan dasar</span>,
setelah itu, <span class="hps">individu /</span> <span class="hps">kapasitas</span>,
<span class="hps">kepentingan</span> <span class="hps">dan pilihan</span> <span class="hps">harus diberikan</span> <span class="hps">sebagai kebebasan</span> <span class="hps">sebanyak mungkin</span>!. <span class="hps">Ini adalah</span> <span class="hps">tahap ini</span> <span class="hps">yang mengubah</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">budaya umum</span> <span class="hps">ke
dalam kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">individual</span> <span class="hps">umum,</span>
<span class="hps">(</span>hal.141)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apa
kriteria</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">utama.</span> <span class="hps">Untuk
membuat</span> <span class="hps">keputusan</span> <span class="hps">pada</span> <span class="hps">'</span>pelajaran <span class="hps">esensial</span>'? <span class="hps">Berikut
ini akan</span> <span class="hps">memberikan beberapa</span> <span class="hps">pedoman</span>:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">relevansi</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">pengetahuan</span>, <span class="hps">keterampilan</span> <span class="hps">dan nilai-nilai</span> <span class="hps">kepada semua siswa</span>, <span class="hps">bukan hanya beberapa</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kemampuan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">pengalaman</span> <span class="hps">untuk
memberikan</span> <span class="hps">jalur</span> <span class="hps">untuk lebih</span>,
<span class="hps">pelatihan</span> <span class="hps">pendidikan dan</span> <span class="hps">ketenagakerjaan</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sejauh mana</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">akan membantu</span> <span class="hps">orang-orang muda</span> <span class="hps">untuk menjadi</span> <span class="hps">warga negara yang aktif</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">informasi</span> <span class="hps">dalam masyarakat demokratis</span>.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br />
<span class="hps">Pengembangan</span> <span class="hps">pembelajaran</span> <span class="hps">yang penting</span> <span class="hps">juga merupakan tugas</span> <span class="hps">yang penting</span> <span class="hps">yang sedang berlangsung</span><span class="atn">-</span>pembelajaran <span class="hps">tidak</span> <span class="hps">akan</span>
<span class="hps">tetap statis</span> <span class="hps">seperti</span> <span class="hps">budaya</span> <span class="hps">tidak</span> <span class="hps">tetap
statis</span>. <span class="hps">Pertimbangan</span> <span class="hps">pelajaran</span>
<span class="hps">yang penting</span> <span class="hps">dan keragaman</span> <span class="hps">mungkin</span> <span class="hps">salah satu tantangan</span> <span class="hps">paling signifikan</span> <span class="hps">di mana guru dapat</span> <span class="hps">terlibat</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebuah Kasus</span></b></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ketika</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">Pusat</span> <span class="hps">Pengembangan</span>
<span class="hps">Kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">Kurikulum Inti</span> <span class="hps">dikeluarkan</span> <span class="hps">untuk Sekolah</span> <span class="hps">Australia</span> <span class="hps">(</span>Kurikulum <span class="hps">Development
Centre</span> <span class="hps">1980)</span> <span class="hps">itu</span> <span class="hps">disorot</span> <span class="hps">bukan</span> <span class="hps">hanya
wilayah</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">dan
pengalaman</span> <span class="hps">seperti diuraikan</span> <span class="hps">sebelumnya
tapi</span> <span class="hps">dua dimensi</span> <span class="hps">lainnya</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">dianggap penting</span> <span class="hps">bagi
mereka</span> <span class="hps">melengkapi</span> <span class="hps">Proses</span> <span class="hps">daerah</span><span class="atn">-</span>Belajar dan <span class="hps">Lingkungan</span>
<span class="hps">Belajar</span>. <span class="hps">Sementara</span> <span class="hps">dokumen ini</span> <span class="hps">adalah sejarah di alam</span>, <span class="hps">hal ini dipandang</span> <span class="hps">sebagai upaya</span> <span class="hps">awal</span> <span class="hps">di Australia</span> <span class="hps">untuk
datang untuk mengatasi</span> <span class="hps">dengan isu</span> <span class="hps">'</span>pelajaran <span class="hps">yang penting</span>', <span class="hps">meskipun tidak</span> <span class="hps">dalam cara yang sangat</span> <span class="hps">tradisional</span>.<br />
<span class="hps">Belajar</span> <span class="hps">Proses</span> <span class="hps">Proses</span>
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1) <span class="hps">untuk mencocokkan</span> <span class="hps">bidang pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">dan pengalaman</span> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2) <span class="hps">untuk membantu</span> <span class="hps">mereka</span>
<span class="hps">saling berhubungan</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br />
<span class="hps">contoh</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Belajar dan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">berpikir</span> <span class="hps">teknik</span> <span class="hps">seperti
pencatatan</span> <span class="hps">dan mengklasifikasikan</span> <span class="hps">informasi</span>, <span class="hps">pemecahan masalah</span>, <span class="hps">pengambilan keputusan</span>, <span class="hps">perencanaan proyek</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cara</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">mengorganisir</span> <span class="hps">dan pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">sistematis,</span> <span class="hps">seperti tema</span>, <span class="hps">rumus</span>, <span class="hps">konsep-konsep kunci</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Khusus <span class="hps">keterampilan</span>
<span class="hps">seperti dalam</span> <span class="hps">membaca</span>, <span class="hps">berbicara</span>, <span class="hps">pekerjaan eksperimental</span>, <span class="hps">penggunaan</span> <span class="hps">alat dan</span> <span class="hps">Collab</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">elajar kelompok</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">orative</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Beragam</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">bentuk ekspresi</span> <span class="hps">seperti dalam</span> <span class="hps">kinerja</span> <span class="hps">lisan</span>, <span class="hps">komunikasi</span>
<span class="hps">grafis</span>, <span class="hps">menulis cerita</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dipilih</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">Belajar Lingkungan</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Makro</span></span><span class="atn"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sistem <span class="hps">umum,</span> <span class="hps">sekolah</span>
<span class="hps">berurutan</span>, <span class="hps">5-16</span><br />
<span class="hps">Micro</span><span class="atn">-</span>spesifik <span class="hps">untuk
menyediakan</span> <span class="hps">lingkungan</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span>
<span class="hps">proses belajar</span> <span class="hps">di dalam dan di</span> <span class="hps">sembilan</span> <span class="hps">daerah</span>:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ruang kelas</span></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">lokakarya</span></span></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">Laboratorium</span></span></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perpustakaan</span></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lokasi lahan</span></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kelompok individu dan kecil</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">ruang belajar</span>.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berdasarkan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">Kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">Pusat Pengembangan</span> <span class="hps">(1980) dan</span> <span class="hps">Skilbeck</span> <span class="hps">(1982)</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PROBES</span></b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gagasan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">diperluas</span> <span class="hps">'</span>kurikulum inti' <span class="hps">dinyatakan di sini</span> <span class="hps">meliputi tidak</span> <span class="hps">hanya pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">tetapi</span> <span class="hps">juga</span> <span class="hps">proses</span> <span class="hps">belajar</span>
<span class="hps">dan lingkungan</span> <span class="hps">belajar</span>. <span class="hps">Bagaimana</span> <span class="hps">ide ini</span> <span class="hps">mirip
dengan</span> <span class="hps">dan berbeda dari</span> <span class="hps">konsepsi</span>
<span class="hps">saat ini</span> <span class="hps">'</span>pelajaran <span class="hps">yang penting</span>'?</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dengan cara apa</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">proses belajar</span> <span class="hps">dan</span>
<span class="hps">lingkungan belajar</span> <span class="hps">sangat relevan dengan</span>
<span class="hps">katering untuk</span> <span class="hps">keragaman</span>?</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KESIMPULAN </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Masalah apakah</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">harus ada</span> <span class="hps">pelajaran</span> <span class="hps">penting untuk</span> <span class="hps">semua siswa</span> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">yang </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">mana pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">dan keterampilan</span> <span class="hps">yang paling</span> <span class="hps">dihargai oleh</span> <span class="hps">masyarakat dan</span> <span class="hps">relevansi</span> <span class="hps">ini</span> <span class="hps">untuk semua siswa</span>. <span class="hps">Telah
dikemukakan</span> <span class="hps">bahwa ketika</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span>
<span class="hps">akademis tradisional</span> <span class="hps">menjadi</span> <span class="hps">kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">inti itu</span> <span class="hps">mengecualikan</span>
<span class="hps">banyak siswa</span> <span class="hps">untuk siapa itu</span> <span class="hps">tidak relevan</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Banyak</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">disiplin</span> <span class="hps">akademis
tradisional</span> <span class="hps">yang dapat ditemukan</span> <span class="hps">di
kebanyakan universitas</span> <span class="hps">telah mengalami</span> <span class="hps">banyak</span> <span class="hps">pengawasan</span> <span class="hps">dalam
hal</span> <span class="hps">asumsi</span> <span class="hps">yang mendasarinya</span>.
<span class="hps">Hal ini</span> <span class="hps">terutama berlaku</span> <span class="hps">dalam hal</span> <span class="hps">ilmu kemanusiaan</span> <span class="hps">dan ilmu sosial</span>. <span class="hps">Hasil</span> <span class="hps">telah
bahwa</span> <span class="hps">untuk beberapa</span> <span class="hps">sarjana</span>,
<span class="hps">tetapi tidak berarti</span> <span class="hps">semua</span>, <span class="hps">sekarang ada</span> <span class="hps">kepastian</span> <span class="hps">apalagi</span>
<span class="hps">tentang status</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan dalam</span> <span class="hps">disiplin ilmu tertentu</span>. <span class="hps">Ini</span> <span class="hps">berarti bahwa</span> <span class="hps">tema</span> <span class="hps">pemersatu</span>
<span class="hps">tunggal</span> <span class="hps">di berbagai bidang seperti</span>
<span class="hps">Sejarah</span>, <span class="hps">Sastra</span>, dan <span class="hps">Sosiologi</span> <span class="hps">sering</span> <span class="hps">digantikan
oleh</span> <span class="hps">beberapa tema</span> <span class="hps">yang
mencerminkan keragaman</span> <span class="hps">dan pluralisme</span> <span class="hps">masyarakat</span> <span class="hps">daripada</span> <span class="hps">pandangan</span>
<span class="hps">dominan</span> <span class="hps">kelompok</span> <span class="hps">elit</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">Karena</span></span><span lang="IN"> <span class="hps">argumen</span> <span class="hps">tentang '</span>pelajaran
<span class="hps">penting</span> <span class="hps">sangat banyak</span> <span class="hps">berasal</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">asumsi
bahwa</span> <span class="hps">ada budaya</span> <span class="hps">yang umum</span>
<span class="hps">bahwa semua</span> <span class="hps">siswa</span> <span class="hps">berbagi</span>, <span class="hps">itu adalah</span> <span class="hps">penting</span>
<span class="hps">untuk menyadari</span> <span class="hps">bahwa dalam masyarakat</span>
<span class="hps">yang beragam</span> <span class="hps">budaya</span> <span class="hps">ada</span> <span class="hps">beberapa</span> <span class="hps">yang
semuanya</span> <span class="hps">harus</span> <span class="hps">menginformasikan</span>
<span class="hps">kurikulum</span>. <span class="hps">Kurikulum</span> <span class="hps">seharusnya</span> <span class="hps">tidak menjadi</span> <span class="hps">sarana yang</span> <span class="hps">merupakan</span> <span class="hps">kelompok
dominan</span> <span class="hps">dalam masyarakat</span> <span class="hps">yang</span>
<span class="hps">memaksakan</span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="hps">pandangan dan</span> <span class="hps">nilai-nilai</span> <span class="hps">kelompok lain</span>.</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01386131850589776611noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5702084028750123725.post-70236116142661736322013-05-12T08:35:00.001-07:002013-05-12T08:35:09.315-07:00Dasar-dasar Kurikulum<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada makalah ini kita akan membahas
mengenai kekuatan utama yang mempengaruhi dan membentuk konten atau teori
kurikum yang disebut dengan “Dasar-dasar Kurikulum”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kekuatan yang berpengaruh besar
terhadap konsep<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan aplikasi kurikulum <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>filsafat, hakekat ilmu pengetahuan, kebudayaan, individu dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>teori-teori belajar. Asumsi yang berbeda
terhadap ilmu pengetahuan, hakekat masyarakat, hakekat pelajar serta teori
belajar akan menimbulkan tekanan kurikulmum yang berbeda-beda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada makalah ini akan membahas
mengenai dasar-dasar filosofis kurikulum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang sebagian besar memuat tentang ilmu pengetahuan, (epistimologi).</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LANDASAN TEORI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dasar-Dasar Kurikulum</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yang dimaksud dengan
dasar-dasar kurikum adalah kekuatan-kekuatan utama yang mempengaruhi dan
membentuk konten atau teori kurikulum, serta susunan atau organisasi kurikulum.
Dasar-dasar kurikulum bisa juga disebut sebagai sumber atau penentu kurikulum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Para ahli berpendapat
mengenai apa yang dimaksud dengan dasar-dasar kurikum yaitu filsafat, hakekat
ilmu pengetahuan, masyarakat, kebudayaan, individu dan teori-teori belajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hakekat Ilmu Pengetahuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Filsafat terletak pada titik sentral
dalam dunia pendidikan. Filsafat berusaha memperoleh ilmu pengetahuan yang
bermanfaat bagi kehidupan yang baik. Filsafat membantu manusia menetapkan
keputusan-keputusan yang tepat bagi kesejahteraan hidupnya.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Filsafat Kurikulum</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setiap masyarakat disatukan oleh
suatu “filsafat hidup” yang dipedomani setiap angota masyarakat itu untuk
menuju suatu kehidupan yang baik. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hakekat utama “filsafat hidup” yang ingin
dimasukkan kedalam kurikulum adalah ilmu pengetahuan. Oleh karena itu,
karakteritis ilmu pengetahuan perlu dipahami para ahli kurikulum. Ada tiga
kategori filsafat yang sangat erat dengan pengambilan keputusan kurikulum,
yaitu (1) otologi, hakekat realita (2) epistimologi hakekat ilmu pengetahuan
(3) aksiologi hakekat nilai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ontologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan kurikulum otology ini cenderung bersifat “belajar verbal”
pemompaan data, informasi, pelajaran eksakta, serta pekerjaan nyata
dilaboratorium dan bengkel. Zais mengelompokkan aliran ontology menjadi 3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aliran besar berupa sumber-sumber realita
yaitu : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ontologi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Supernatural</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada ontology
ini sumber realita berapa pada daerah supernatural yaitu daerah sipiritual
ketuhanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ontologi Bumi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada otologi
ini sumber realita tertumpu pada asumsi bahwa realita itu berada dibumi,
sekitar tempat manusia itu hidup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ontologi Manusia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Otologi ini berdasarkan pikiran, yang berasumsi bahwa realita bertengger
dalam pengalaman manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Episistimologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Epistimologi adalah cabang filsafat yang berkaitan dengan hakekat ilmu
pengetahuan dan cara memperoleh pengetahuan. Epistimologi berusaha menjawab
pertanyaan, “apa kebenaran itu? bagaimana kita mengetahui kebenaran?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aksiologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aksilogi menyangkut pembicaraan
tentang nilai. Cabang filsafat ini berusaha menjawab pertanyaan, “apa yang
bagus itu? Apa yang baik dilakukan orang?”. Aksiologi mencangkup dua kategori
utama yaitu etik dan etika. Etik berkaitan erat dengan pengertian <u>benar </u>dan
<u>salah, </u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sedangkan etika berkaitan
erat dengan masalah moral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Masing-masing aliran filsafat diatas
telah dibicarakan akan digambarkan dalam sebuah diagram berikut.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagan 1</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Susunan Aliran filsafat</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Aliran filsafat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Ontologi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Epistimologi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Aksiologi
</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Supernatural
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Realita
yang mutlak benar di “dunia atas sana” (supernatural)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengetahuan
yang mutlak benar diterima (melalui wahyu atau cara mistik lainnya)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Yang
pasti baik menurut hokum alam</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Bumi </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Realita
yang mutlak benar berada di atas bumi ini</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengetahuan
yang mutlak benar ditemukan (melalui indra atau logika)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Yang
pasti baik menurut hokum alam</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Manusia </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Realita
yang relatif benar adalah pengalaman manusia</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengetauan
yang relative benar direkontruksi (melalui ilmu pengetahuan)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Yang
relative baik adalah konsekwensi yang disenangi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dasar-dasar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kurikulum adalah kekuatan utama yang
mempengaruhi dan membentuk konten atau teori kurikulum.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumber kukuatan yang
berpengaruh terhadap konsep dan aplikasi kurikulum adalah ilmu pengetahuan,
masyarakat, kebudayaan, individu, serta teori belajar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ilmu pengetahuan
merupakan bahan baku kurikulum pada semua tingkat sekolah. Kita perlu mengajarkan
anak didik ilmu pengetahuan karna tujuan utama pendidikan adalah membelajarkan
anak didik untuk mencapai ilmu pengetahuan. Ilmu pengetahuan dapat membantu
manusia membuat keputusan yang bijaksana bagi kesejahteraan hidup. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Karakteritis ilmu pengetahuan harus
dipahami oleh para ahli kurikulum. Hakekat utama filsafat hidup yang ingi
dimasukkan kedalam kurikulum adalah ilmu pengetahuan. Ada tiga kategori
filsafat yang sangat erat dengan pengambilan kkeputusan kurikulum (1) Otologi,
hakekat realita (2) Epistimologi, hakekat ilmu pengetahuan (3) Aksiologi
hakekat nilai. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konten
dalam disain pembelajaran merupakan materi atau isi mata pelajaran, guna
menumbuhkembangkan pengetahuan yang terkandung didalamnya. Sementara itu
analisis tugas merupakan kegiatan-kegiatan latihan atau tugas, diperlukan untuk
menemukan cara yang efektif guna mencapai tujuan mata pelajaran. Konten dan
analisis tugas menjadi hal yang saling terkait jika dilihat dari siklus
kegiatan pembelajaran. Guru sebagai desainer harus lebih mengenal komponen
dasar yang berperan dalam pembelajaran.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>B. KONTEN</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada 6 komponen dasar dalam
pembelajaran:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pebelajar</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan pembelajaran</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisis pembelajaran</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strategi pembelajaran</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan ajar</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penilaian belajar</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Dewi, 2007, hal. 37)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dikaitkan
dengan siklus pembelajaran (pengembangan, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi) maka keenam
komponen dasar diatas merupakan suatu pijakan bagi isi mata ajar/konten. Konten
dalam siklus pembelajaran secara menyeluruh guna pencapaian tujuan
instruksional berupa kognitif, afektif dan psikomotor dapat mencakup (ragam
pengetahuan,sifat pengetahuan, jenjang belajar dan kompetensi, teknik penyajian
dan konteks ragam pengetahuan):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>1. Ragam pengetahuan</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu
atau ilmu pengetahuan berdasarkan teori informasi dapat dipilah, dikaji
karakteristiknya dan dilaksanakan melalui pengelompokkan jenis ilmu berdasarkan
struktur didalamnya serta jenjang atau tingkat pemahamannya bagi proses belajar
seseorang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 1. Tentang ragam pengetahuan
menurut para pakar (Dewi, 2007. Hal 83)</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 78.75pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ragam</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merril (1983)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemp, dkk (1994)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andreson & Krathwolh (eds,
2001)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Romiszowski (1981)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 78.75pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Istilah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Type of content(jenis)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Content struktures (struktur)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Knowledge Dimension (Dimensi
Pengetahuan)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Knowledge Categories
(Kategoripengetahuan)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 78.75pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fakta</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 78.75pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsep</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 78.75pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 78.75pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prosedur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 78.75pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemampuanantar pribadi/sosial</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 78.75pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sikap</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 78.75pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metakognitif</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 78.75pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Motorik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Sifat pengetahuan3. Jenjang
belajar dan kompetensi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merril
dalam matriksnya tentang jenjang belajar menjelaskan proses berfikir seseorang
dikelompokkan menjadi, mengingat, menggunakan/menerapkan dan menemukan.
Sedangkan Krathwolh & Anderson, dkk merumuskan dengan mengingat, mengerti,
menerapkan, menganalisis, menilai dan berkreasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
kawasan kognitif tujuan pendidikan dibagi menjadi enam jenjang, yaitu,
pengetahuan, pemahaman, aplikasi, analisis, sintesis dan evaluasi. Menurut
Bloom dalam Suparman (2001, hal. 79), bahwa keenam jenjang tersebut bersifat
hirakikal dimuai dari jenjang yang paling bawah yaitu pengetahuan sampai
ke jenjang paling tinggi yaitu evaluasi. Artinya, jenjang dibawah menjadi
prasyarat untuk diatasnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Teknik penyajian</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
hal teknik penyajian, hasil kajian membantu para pakar bidang ilmu untuk
memikirkan bagimana menyajikan pengetahuan tersebut kepada peserta didik agar
mudah dipahami dan digunakan dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Teknik penyajian
yang diterapkan adalah penyajian contoh dan penyajian berpola.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Konteks ragam pengetahuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap mata pelajaran tertentu
dikembangkan sebagai pengetahuan. Pengetahuan seringkali dikaitkan dengan
keahlian, strategi pembelajaran serta mata pelajaran dan perbedaan individu
(dalam hal ini potensi seseorang).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C. ANALISIS TUGAS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisis
belajar khususnya atau <i>learning task analysis</i>, terkait dengan sifat
pengetahuan, jenjang belajar dan kompetensi, apakah yang paling mudah atau
pengetahuan yang paling sulit, apakah mulai dari jenjang yang paling bawah
(mengingat) sampai pada jenjang yang paling tinggi seperti menilai dan
berkreasi. Analisis tugas adalah proses menjabarkan prilaku umum menjadi
prilaku khusus yang tersusun secara logis dan sistematis. Kegiatan ini harus
dapat mengidentifikasi prilaku-prilaku khusus yang dapat menggambarkan prilaku
umum secara terperinci, langkah-langkah yang digunakan harus tepat dan akurat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Analisis tugas bertujuan guna menentukan bagian-bagian tugas, informasi yang
dibutuhkan/diperlukan, input serta masukan dalam pengambilan keputusan untuk
menerapkan konten pembelajaran, sehingga menghasilkan pembelajaran yang efisien
dan tepat sasaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisa tugas meliputi:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber informasi, adalah para pakar yang memiliki
pengalaman praktis dalam suatu keterampilan serta mempunyai informasi
mutakhir tentang teknik dan peralatan yang dibutuhkan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merinci tugas, adalah kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk
mempelajari apa yang harus dilaksanakan untuk menyelesaikan sebuah tugas.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat diagram alur, diagram alur disebut juga pohon
keputusan atau algoritma. Diagram alur adalah urutan pelaksanaan tugas
menurut data yang dikumpulkan. Kemudian bisa dilanjutkan dengan membuat
bagan/skema berjenjang. Skema berjenjang dimulai dari bawah dengan konten
yang lebih mudah, kemudian berurut jenjang keatas, mencerminkan makin
keatas semakin sulit dalam rentangn waktu yang telah disediakan.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisa
tugas mencakup penentuan dan penegasan pengetahuan dasar yang berhubungan
antara bagian-bagian tugas. Ada 2 jenis pengelompokkan tugas, (1) Pengetahuan
yang berhubungan dengan tugas-tugas khusus, (2) Tugas umum atau isi pengetahuan
ang diterapkan terhadap sejumlah tugas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disamping
jenis pengelompokkan tugas, ada tiga jenis analisis menurut Sells (1998),yaitu
analisis kebutuhan, analisis tugas dan analisis pembelajaran, yaitu sbb:</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Skema 3. Analisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Kalau diamati emapat sifat pengetahuan, yaitu meliputi (1) pengetahuan inti,
(2) pengetahuan prasyarat, (3) pengetahuan lanjutan, dan (4) pengetahuan
pendukung, maka dalam analisis tugas perlu dicermati satu persatu sebagai
berikut (Dewi, 2007, hal. 93):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengetahuan inti</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yaitu pengetahuan yang menjadi
tumouan untuk penguasaan kompetensi dasar tertentu. Tanpa pemahaman pengetahuan
inti, peserta didik tidak mungkin dapat menguasai kompetensi.pengetahuan inti
berisi pengetahuan utama yang harus dikuasai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengetahuan prsyarat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berarti pengetahuan yang menjadi
landasan berfikir pengetahuan inti yang benar-benar harus dikuasai sebelum
pengetahuan inti tersebut dipelajari. Kemampuan prasyarat ini harus sudah
mengendap sedini mungkin sebelum pengetahuan inti diberikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengetahuan lanjutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenjang pengetahuan yang lebih sulit
dan mendalam. Tentunya penyampaian pengetahuan lanjutan diberikan kalau
pengetahuan inti sudah benar-benar dikuasai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengetahuan pendukung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hanya sebagai pengayaan pengetahuan
inti dan lanjutan dikuasai, tidak tergantungatassalah satu sifat pengetahuan
lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Referensi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prawiradilaga, Dewi Salam. (2007).
Prinsip Disain Pembelajaran. Kencana dan UNJ Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suparman, M. Atwi. (2001). Disain
Instruksional. PAU-PPAI. Universitas Terbuka. Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
http://tepenr06.wordpress.com/2011/09/21/analisi-konten-dan-tugas/#more-167</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01386131850589776611noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5702084028750123725.post-39248994698323121312013-05-12T04:16:00.000-07:002013-05-12T04:25:56.751-07:00PENELITIAN TP<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Bclakang</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0pt; text-indent: 32.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisi
jalur merupakan pengembangan statistik </span><span class="BodytextItalic"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> regresi, sehingga analisis regresi
dapat dikatakan sebagai bentuk kbusus I analisis jalur. Analisis jalur
digunakan untuk melukiskan dan menguji model hubungan antar variabel yang
berbcntuk sebab akibat (Sugiyono: 2009).</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 11.8pt; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknik
analisis jalur, yang dikembangkan oleh Sewal Wright di tahun 1934, sebenarnya
merupakan pengembangan korelasi yang diuraikan menjadi beberapa interpretasi
akibat yang ditimbulkannya. Lebih lanjut, anaiisis jalur mempunyai kedekatan
dengan regresi berganda, atau dengan kata lain, l'egresi berganda merupakan
bentuk khsus dari anaiisis jalur. Teknik ini juga dikenal sebagai modal sebab
akibat </span><span class="BodytextItalic"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">(causing modeling).</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext30" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memahami bagaimana statistik analisis jalur.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mampu mengaplikasikan bagaiman
hubungan antara regresi korelasi dengan regresi ganda.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mampu mengaplikasikan regresi
sederhana dan ganda serta bisa melakukan anaiisis jalur.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 26.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mampu membuat anaiisis jalur.</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext30" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.7pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsep dan Pengertian</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisi jalur yang
dikenal dengan path analysis dikembangkan pada tahun 1920-an oleh seorang ahli
genetika yaitu Sewall Wright (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1996; </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Johnson & Wichem, 1992). Path
analysis digunakan untuk menganalisis pola hubungan antara variabel dengan
tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh langsung maupun tidak langsung seperangkat
variabel bebas (eksogen) terhadap variabel terikat (endogen). Melalui analisis
jalur ini akan dapat ditemukan jalur mana yang paling tepat dan singkat suatu
variabel eksogen menuju variabel endogen yang terkait.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.2pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 13.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Manfaat Analisis Jalur</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa
Manfaat Analisis Jalur</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penjelas terhadap fenomena yang
dipelajari atau permasalahan yang diteliti</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Prediksi nilai variabel endogen (Y)
berdasarkan nilai variabel eksogen (X)</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 29.25pt; text-indent: -13.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor diterminan yaitu penentuan
variabel eksogen (X) mana yang berpengaruh dominan terhadap variabel endogen
(Y), juga untuk menelusuri mekanisme (jalur-jalur) pengaruh variabel eksogen
(X) terhadap variabel endogen (Y).</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 11.8pt; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 29.25pt; text-indent: -13.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengujian model, menggunakan </span><span class="BodytextItalic"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">theory triming,</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> baik untuk uji reabilitas konsep yang sudah ada ataupun uji pengembang
konsep baru.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext30" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Prinsip-Prinsip Analisis Jalur</span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt; text-indent: -13.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Prinsip
yang mendasari path analysis sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada model </span><span class="BodytextItalic"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">path analysis,</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> hubungan antar variabel bersifat
linear, adaptif dan bersifat normal. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hanya sistem aliran kausal ke satu
arah artinya tidak ada arah kausalitas yang terbalik.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Variabel terikat (endogen) minimal
dalam skala ukuran interval dan ratio.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menggunakan sampel </span><span class="BodytextItalic"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">probability sampling</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> yaitu teknik pengambilan sampel untuk memberikan peluang
yang sama pada setiap anggota popilasi untuk dipilih menjadi anggota sampel.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="BodytextItalic"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">Observed variables</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> diukur tanpa kesalahan (instrumen pengukuran valid dan </span><span class="BodytextItalic"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">reliable)</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
artinya variabel yang diteliti dapat diobservasi secara langsung.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Model yang dianalisis
dispesifikasikan (diidentifikasikan) dengan benar berdasarkan teori-teori dan
konsep-konsep yang rclevan artinya model teori yang dikaji atau yang diuji
dibangun berdasarkan kerangka teoritis tertentu yang mampu menjelaskan hubungan
kausalitas antar variabel yang diteliti.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Model Analisis Jalur</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Model Korelasi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Model
korelasi yang sering digunakan dan dipakai oleh peneliti dan mahasiswa yaitu </span><span class="BodytextItalic"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">Korelasi Pearson Product Moment</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (r). Kegunaan korelasi untuk mengetahui derajat hubungan
antar variabel eksogen dengan endogen.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Model Regresi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Regresi adalah suatu proses memperkirakan
secara sistematis tentang apa yang paling mungkin terjadi dimasa yang akan
datang berdasarkan informasi masa lalu dan sekarang yang dimiliki agar
kesalahannya dapat diperkecil. Kegunaan regresi dalam penelitian salah satunya
adalah untuk meramalkan (memprediksi) variabel endogen (Y) apabila variabel
eksogen (X) diketahui. Regresi sederhana dapat dianalisis karena didasari oleh
hubungan fiigsional atau hubungan sebab akibat (kausal) variabel eksogen (X)
terhadap variabel endogen (Y). Kerena ada perbedaan yang mendasar dari analisis
korelasi dan analisis regresi. Setiap ada analisis regresi otmatis ada analisis
korelasinya, tetapi sebaliknya analisis korelasi belum tentu diujii regresi
atau diteruskan dengan analisis regresi.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Model Persamaan Struktur</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Model
persamaan struktur yaitu apabila setiap variabel endogen (Y) secara unik
keadaannya ditentukan oleh seperangkat variabel eksogen (X). Gambar yang
memperlihatkan struktur hubungan kausal antar variabel disebut diagram jalur </span><span class="BodytextItalic"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">(Path Analysisp).</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Koefisien jalur menunjukkan pengaruh langsung variabel
eksogen k terhadap variabel endogen i. Sedangkan e i menunjukkan variabel atau
faktor residual yang fungsinya menjelaskan pengaruh variabel lain yang telah
teridentifikasi.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Materi Path Analysis</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis jalur</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknik
analisis jalur ini akan digunakan dalam mcnguji besamya sumbangan (kontribusi)
yang ditunjukkan oleh koefisien jalur pada setiap digram jalur dari hubungan
kausal antar variabel X|, X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, dan X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> terhadap Y serta dampaknya kepada Z.
Anaiisis korelasi dan regresisi yang merupakan dasar dari perhitungan koefisien
jalur.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diagram Jalur (Path Diagram)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
diagram jalur digunakan dua macam anak panah, yaitu anak panah satu arah yang
menyatakan pengaruh langsung dari sebuah variabel eksogen variabel penyebab (X)
terhadap sebuah variabel endogen variabel akibat (Y), dan anak panah dua arah
menunjukkan hubungan korelasional antara variabel eksogen. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jalur
hubungan tidak langsung dengan X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, karena harus melewati X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, dalam hal ini X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> merupakan variabel endogen. Pada
gambar 3. Ditunjukkan diagram jalur yang lebih kompleks, karena melibatkan
variabel yang lebih banyak sehingga banyak jalur yang dianalisis. Variabel Xi
dan X? adalah variabel eksogen, yang mempunyai hubungan langsung dan tidak
langsung dengan Y. Dikatakan tidak mempunyai hubungan langsung dengan Y karena
Xt dan X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> untuk mencapai variabel Y harus melewati variabel antara yaitu X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. Dan pada gambar juga terlihat bahwa
variabel Xi dan </span><span class="BodytextItalic"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">Xi</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> mempunyai jarur hubungan langsung
dengan X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. Dalam hal ini X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan Y adalah variabel endogen.
Hubungan antara variabel Xi dan X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah reciprocal (saling
mempengaruhi), bukan kausal sehingga tidak bisa dianalisis.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Koefisien Jalur</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
korelasi arah dan kuatnya hubungan antar variabel ditunjukkan dengan koefisien
korelasi. Arah hubungan adalah positif dan negatif, sedangkan kuatnya hubungan
ditunjukkan dengan besar kecilnya angka korelasi. Koefisien korelasi yang mendekati
angka 1 berarti kedua variabel mempunyai hubungan kuat atau sempurna (Sugiyono:
2009).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
analisis jalur juga terdapat koefisien jalur. Koefisien jalur menunjukkan
kuatnya pengaruh variabel eksogen terhadap variabel endogen. Koefisien jalur
adalah koefisien regresi standar (standar z) yang menunjukkan pengaruh variabel
eksogen terhadap endogen yang telah tersusun dalam diagram jalur.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perhitungan dengan Koefisien Jalur</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hubungan
jalur antar variabel dalam diagram jalur adalah hubungan korelasi, oleh karena
itu perhitungan angka koefisien jalur menggunakan standar skor z. Pada setiap
variabel eksogen tidak dipengaruhi oleh variabel-variabel yang lain dalam
diagram, sehingga yang ada hanyalah suku resideunya yang diberi notasi e atau
sering juga disebut dengan variabel residual.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.0pt; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis
jalur merupakan analisis untuk mengetahui efek langsung dan tidak langsung dari
suatu variabel terhadap variabel lain. Untuk melakukan analisis jalur perlu
diketahui diagram jalur dan perhitungan koefisien jalur. Setiap <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>model analisis itu berbeda-beda yaitu
korelasi, regresi, path, dan struktur.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SUMBER</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ridijan
dan Engkos. 2012. Cara Mudah Menggunakan dan Memakai Path Analysis (Anaiisis
Jalur). Bandung: Alfabeta.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sugiyono. 2009. Statistik Untuk Penelitian. Bandung:
Alfabeta.</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PERTANYAAN FORUM</span></b></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 150%; margin-right: 2.0pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>model analisis itu berbeda-beda yaitu
korelasi, regresi, path, dan struktur, jelaskan cara membedakannya antara
setiap korelasi, atau cara melit klu itu suatu korelasi, regresi dan path dan
struktur…?</span></b></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 150%; margin-right: 2.0pt; text-indent: 0in;">
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 23.1pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 23.1pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 68.2pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 23.1pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 364.45pt;" valign="top" width="486"><div align="center" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MODEL ANALISIS</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: white; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 68.2pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 90.8pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div align="center" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Korelasi</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 87.9pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Regresi</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div align="center" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Path (Jalur)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 87.25pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="center" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktural</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 68.2pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 7.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Variabel</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 90.8pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 4.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak ada</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 87.9pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bebas (X)</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eksogen (X)</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 87.25pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eksogen (X)</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 55.25pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: white; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 55.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 68.2pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 55.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 90.8pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 4.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketentuan</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 55.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 87.9pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terikat (Y)</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 55.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Edogen (Y) Intervening (bila ada)</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 55.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 87.25pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Edogen (Y) Intervening (bila ada)</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 120.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td rowspan="2" style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 120.8pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 68.2pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 7.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kegunaan</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 120.8pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 90.8pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Explanation</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(penjelasan)</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hubungan</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dan predikasi</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Kualitatif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 120.8pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 87.9pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Penjelasan</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>terhadap</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">fenomena</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">yang
dipelajari</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Atau</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">permasalahan</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">y<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ang diteliti.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 120.8pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Penjelasan</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Prediksi</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kualitatif</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Faktor</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diterminan</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Penelususran</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">mekanisme</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(lintasan)</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengaruh</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Pengujian</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">model,</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">menggunakan</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">teori triining,</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">baik untuk uji</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">reabilitas</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">konsep yang</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sudah ada atau</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pun uji</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pengembangan</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">konsep baru.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 120.8pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 87.25pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Penjelas</span></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Prediksi</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kualitatif</span></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Pengujian</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">model,</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">menggunakan</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">uji t, baik</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk uji</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reabilitas</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">konsep yang</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sudah ada</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">atau pun uji</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pengembangan</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Konsep</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">baru.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 235.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: white; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 235.6pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 87.9pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Prediksi</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kuantitatif</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Faktor</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">diterminan,</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">penentuan</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">variabel
bebas</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(X) yang</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">berpenganih</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dominan</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">terhadap</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">variable<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="right" class="Bodytext0" style="margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">terikat (Y)</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 127.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: white; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 127.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 68.2pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hubungan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yang</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">dianalisis</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jenis data</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yang</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">dianalisis</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 127.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 90.8pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tunggal atau</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ganda</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Skala interval</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">dan ratio</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 127.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 87.9pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Bersifat tunggal</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Skala interval</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dan ratio</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 127.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Tunggal atau</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Ganda</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Minimal Skala</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">interval</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">dan data dinyatakan dalam
satuan baku atau z skor</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 127.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 87.25pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tunggal atau</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ganda</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Data mentah</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">(raw data)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 426.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background: white; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 426.55pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 68.2pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Prinsip</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 426.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 90.8pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">1. Hubungan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">antar variable</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">bepola linear,</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bersifat</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Normal</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. Sistem aliran</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">kausal dua</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Arah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">3. Minimal skala</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ukurinterval</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">dan ratio</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">4. Sampel</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Random</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">5. Data yang di</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ukur valid dan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Reliable</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">6. Model yang</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dianalisis</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Berdasarkan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">teori-teori</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">yang relev</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 426.55pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 87.9pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Pada</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">prinsipnya</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">sama dengan</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">korelasi,</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">hanya sistem</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">aliran kausal</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.0pt; text-align: left;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">ke
satu arah.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 426.55pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Pada prinsipnya</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">sama dengan</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">korelasi dan</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">regresi</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Sistem aliran</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">kausal ke satu</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">arah</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Variabel terikat/</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">endogen (Y)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">minimal dalam</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">skala ukur</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">interval dan</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Bodytext0" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">ratsio</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 426.55pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 87.25pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">1. Pada</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">prinsipnya</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">sama</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">dengan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">korelasi,</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">regresi, path</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">analysis</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. Pola</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">hubungan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">yang sesuai</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">adalah pola</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">hubungan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">yang</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">mengikuti</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">regresi</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">model</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">regresi,</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">sedangkan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">untuk</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">tujuan </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.35pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 21.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 68.2pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 21.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 87.9pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="Bodytext0" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 21.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 98.5pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div align="center" class="Bodytext0" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0in .5pt 0in .5pt; width: 87.25pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">sebab</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">akibat pola</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">yang tepat</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">adalah</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">model</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span class="Bodytext6pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">struktural.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 218.25pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 218.25pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 218.25pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 218.25pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="Bodytext0" style="background: transparent; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.0pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apa gunanya melakukan analisis
sebelum penelitian?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penjelas
terhadap fenomena yang dipelajari atau permasalahan yang diteliti </span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Prediksi
nilai variabel endogen (Y) berdasarkan nilai variabel eksogen (X)</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor
diterminan yaitu penentuan variabel eksogen (X) mana yang berpengaruh dominan
terhadap variabel endogen (Y), juga untuk menelusuri mekanisme (jalur-jalur)
pengaruh variabel eksogen (X) terhadap variabel endogen (Y).</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengujian
model, menggunakan </span><span class="BodytextItalic"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">theory triming,</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> baik untuk uji reabilitas konsep
yang sudah ada ataupun uji pengembang konsep baru.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana bentuk diagram jalur yang
komplek ?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dikatakan diagram jalur yang lebih
kompleks, karena melibatkan variabel yang lebih banyak sehingga banyak jalur
yang dianalisis. Variabel Xi dan X? adalah variabel eksogen, yang mempunyai
hubungan langsung dan tidak langsung dengan Y. Dikatakan tidak mempunyai
hubungan langsung dengan Y karena Xt dan X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> untuk mencapai variabel Y harus
melewati variabel antara yaitu X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. Dan pada gambar juga terlihat bahwa
variabel Xi dan </span><span class="BodytextItalic"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">Xi</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> mempunyai jarur hubungan langsung
dengan X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. Dalam hal ini X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan Y adalah variabel endogen.
Hubungan antara variabel Xi dan X</span><span class="BodytextCandara"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah reciprocal (saling
mempengaruhi), bukan kausal sehingga tidak bisa dianalisis.</span></div>
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